Inadvertently high dialysate magnesium causing weakness and nausea in hemodialysis patients

Abstract

As maintenance hemodialysis patients are exposed to large quantities of dialysis water, any contamination of it might be reflected in plasma levels. We present a series of cases due to such a contamination. Six maintenance hemodialysis patients dialyzing at the same peripheral hemodialysis facility presented to us over a short period of time with symptoms mimicking inadequate dialysis. Their blood urea and creatinine levels were not very high, but all the patients had hypermagnesemia [serum Mg levels = 1.8 (±0.3) mmol/L]. Except for one patient who had cardiac arrest at presentation, all patients improved after undergoing hemodialysis at our center [serum Mg at discharge = 0.86 (±0.01) mmol/L]. The origin of hypermagnesemia was traced to dialysis water contamination with magnesium due to inadequate maintenance of the water treatment system. Corrective measures improved the quality of water, and no further cases were reported from that center. Proper maintenance and periodic checks of the quality of water are central to the outcomes of maintenance hemodialysis patients.

Hypermagnesemia in Clinical Practice

“…Milk alkali syndrome may also cause hypermagnesemia, as reported already in 1936 by Cope, where patients developed toxic symptoms of hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypermagnesemia, and azotemia secondary to calcium carbonate-containing alkali therapy [ 51 , 52 ]. In patients undergoing dialysis, increased dialysate Mg can also cause symptomatic hypermagnesemia [ 53 ]. Moreover, a case report demonstrated hypermagnesemia in a patient with post-urethral irrigation with hemiacidrin, which is utilized in the nephrolithiasis process [ 54 ].…”