Inactivation of Viruses by Benzalkonium Chloride

Armstrong, John A.; Froelich, Ernest J.

doi:10.1128/am.12.2.132-137.1964

Cited by 33 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Products C and D showed virucidal effects upon incubation of virus in 90% (v/v) of the compounds. This virucidal effect is likely mediated by the ingredients xylometazoline hydrochloride and dexpanthenol ( 29 ) (present in product D) or the additive benzalkonium ( 30 ) (present in products C and D), all of which have previously been described as virucidal ( 29 , 30 ). Similar antiviral activities against SARS-CoV-2 were also reported for povidone-iodine-containing sprays (present in product D), probably because of the disinfectant properties ( 31 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carrageenan-containing over-the-counter nasal and oral sprays inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cultures

Schütz

Conzelmann

Fois

et al. 2021

American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Phys

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Pharmaceutical interventions are urgently needed to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission. As SARS-CoV-2 infects and spreads via the nasopharyngeal airways, we analyzed the antiviral effect of selected nasal and oral sprays on virus infection in vitro. Two nose sprays showed virucidal activity but were cytotoxic precluding further analysis in cell culture. One nasal and one mouth spray suppressed SARS-CoV-2 infection of TMPRSS2-Vero E6 cells and primary differentiated human airway epithelial cultures. The antiviral activity in both sprays could be attributed to polyanionic ι- and κ-carrageenans. Thus, application of carrageenan containing nasal and mouth sprays may reduce the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection and may limit viral spread, warranting further clinical evaluation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carrageenan-containing over-the-counter nasal and oral sprays inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cultures

Schütz

Conzelmann

Fois

et al. 2021

American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Phys

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“…Concentration between 60% and 80% of ethyl alcohol is an effective virucidal agent for all lipophilic viruses and many hydrophilic viruses such as rotavirus and adenovirus, but not hepatitis A virus or poliovirus (Mbithi et al, 1990;Tyler et al, 1990). On the other hand, isopropyl alcohol is active against lipid viruses (Armstrong and Froelich, 1964;Kampf et al, 2020).…”

Section: Alcoholsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low . However, the significance of indirect communication through contamination of inanimate surfaces is uncertain and requires further investigation (Armstrong and Froelich, 1964;Choi et al, 2021;Moriyama et al, 2020;van Doremalen et al, 2020).…”

Section: Stability Of Sars-cov-2 In Air and On Different Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization of physical and chemical microbial load reduction agents for SARS-CoV-2: Toxicity and development of drug resistance implications

Yahaya¹,

Ayipo²,

Abubakar³

et al. 2022

J App Pharm Sci

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The novel human coronavirus (CoV) 2019, similar to previous severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-1 outbreaks, has posed the unprecedented challenges that have shaped global action on preventive and easy to employ measures and policies, including regular disinfection. There is an indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents, which may pose toxicity to humans, environmental hazards, and, in some cases, development antiviral drug resistance. This review comprehensively highlights the physical and chemical countermeasures applied to prevent various CoV infections and their potential toxicity on humans and the environment, as well as the danger of developing drug resistance. Literature information was sourced from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, MEDLINE, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases using Google Scholars and Free Full PDF as search engines. Articles written in the English language were retrieved and included in the study. Researches covering the literature on physical and chemical severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 preventive measures, their toxicity, and possible ways of developing drug resistance were also discussed. The literature review reveals that physical inactivation under the influence of temperature, humidity, and light, especially ultraviolet-C radiation, has proven effective in reducing the spread of CoV infections. Similarly, chemical countermeasures such as the use of alcohol-and iodine-based disinfecting agents have demonstrated inhibitory potentials of the viruses on surfaces depending on nature, dose, and exposure time. The inactivation occurs through the interference of these agents with the lipid envelope, thereby disrupting the viral activity. A vast majority of the antimicrobial agents are reported to contain corrosive chemicals that are toxic to humans, especially children, and the environment. The toxicity is due to the unhealthy accumulation and pollution caused by the inappropriate disposal of biomedical waste. This study showed that chemicals might have long-term effects on public health, such as reproductive disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancers, skin damage, and central nervous system impairment. Therefore, further research on long-term preventive alternatives such as the formulation of these agents with natural products as active ingredients is necessary to mitigate the effects of alcohol-and iodine-based chemicals on humans and the environment.

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“…It has been used as a bactericidal since 1935 [37], as a preservative for ophthalmic solutions since 1979 [38], and is widely used in the textile industry as an insecticide or antimicrobial [39][40]. It is extremely effective against the most important viruses: common flu, measles, rabies, herpes simplex, yellow fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis B, adenovirus type 7, and meningitis [41]. On the outer surface of PEIs, the functional primary amino groups are capable of interacting with the appropriate reagents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrophilic Antimicrobial Coatings for Medical Leathers from Silica-Dendritic Polymer-Silver Nanoparticle Composite Xerogels

Arkas¹,

Kythreoti²,

Favvas³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Hybrid organic-inorganic (dendritic polymer-silica) xerogels containing silver nanoparticles (Ag-Nps) were developed as antibacterial leather coatings. The preparation method is environmentally friendly, based on two biomimetic reactions. Silica gelation and spontaneous (Ag-Np) formation were both mediated by hyperbranched poly (ethylene imine) (PEI) scaffolds of variable Mw (2000-750000). The formation of precursor hydrogels was monitored by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The chemical composition of the xerogels was assessed by Infra-Red Spectroscopy (IR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) while the uniformity of the coatings was established by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Release properties of coated leather samples and overall behaviour in water in comparison to untreated analogs were investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Antibacterial activity was tested towards Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, and antibiofilm properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis while SARS-Cov-2 clinical isolate was employed for the first estimation of their antiviral potential. Toxicity was evaluated using the Jurkat E6.1-cell line. Finally, water contact angle measurements were implemented to determine the enhancement of the leather surface hydrophilicity caused by these composite layers. The final advanced products are intended for use in medical applications.

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Inactivation of Viruses by Benzalkonium Chloride

Cited by 33 publications

References 10 publications

Carrageenan-containing over-the-counter nasal and oral sprays inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cultures

Carrageenan-containing over-the-counter nasal and oral sprays inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cultures

Utilization of physical and chemical microbial load reduction agents for SARS-CoV-2: Toxicity and development of drug resistance implications

Hydrophilic Antimicrobial Coatings for Medical Leathers from Silica-Dendritic Polymer-Silver Nanoparticle Composite Xerogels

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