Inactivation of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus by γ-Radiation

Reitman, Morton; Tribble, Henry R.

doi:10.1128/aem.15.6.1456-1459.1967

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…These data are also consistent with results obtained with several viruses irradiated in the fluid state, including influenza A and B, mumps, herpes simplex, and WEE (18, 21). The level of radiation required to completely inactivate purified VEE virus is less than that previously reported for another VEE virus preparation (26). However, this is in keeping with results of earlier studies demonstrating that several purified viruses were inactivated at lower doses than their respective crude preparations (10).…”

Section: 23csupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Assays for virus infectivity were performed by plaque titration in 24-hr chick embryo monolayer tissue cultures and in 10to 12-g weanling mice. Samples of ir-radiated virus that failed to produce plaques and were nonlethal for weanling mice following joint intracerebral-intraperitoneal inoculation (0.03 and 0.1 ml) were titrated in suckling mice for residual live virus by a combination intracerebral and intraperitoneal inoculation of 0.02 and 0.03 ml, respectively (26). Fifty per cent lethal dose end points were calculated by the method of Reed and Muench (25).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies have demonstrated that a variety of microbial agents killed by ionizing radiation retain greater antigenicity than do preparations killed by chemicals or heat (6,7,20,33). This method of inactivation also destroys the infectivity of VEE virus while retaining the capacity of the virus to stimulate antibody production (26).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Purification, Concentration, and Inactivation of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus

Gruber¹

1970

Applied Microbiology

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Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus was purified and concentrated by chromatography of tissue culture supernatant fluids on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose columns. Stepwise gradient elution studies indicated a broad elution pattern for the virus, with recovery occurring from 0.05 to 0.7 M NaCl. Optical density, infectivity, hemagglutination (HA), and complement fixation (CF) assays indicated that complete recovery of input virus in highly purified form was possible. Single-step elution with 0.7 M tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-succinate-salt buffer resulted in a virus volume decrease of 85% with a concomitant increase in infectivity and antigenicity. Recoveries consistently equaled or exceeded 100% of the input preparations. Additional purification of column-recovered virus was obtained by sedimentation of pooled virus eluates on 50% sucrose cushions. Exposure of borate saline and 0.5% histidine suspensions of purified VEE virus preparations to 6 X 106

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Section: 23csupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Purification, Concentration, and Inactivation of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus

Gruber¹

1970

Applied Microbiology

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“…Irradiation. Virus suspensions were irradiated with a 50,000-c cobalt60 source at the National Bureau of Standards, as described in a previous communication (14). Irradiation doses are expressed as total doses in roentgens.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamma-Irradiated Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Vaccines

Reitman¹,

Tribble²,

Green³

1970

Applied Microbiology

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The efficacy of Formalin-inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) vaccine has been reported to be low for man. Although a live VEE vaccine has been shown to be highly effective for the protection of laboratory workers, local and systemic reactions have occurred in approximately 20% of inoculated individuals. Therefore, studies were initiated in an attempt to produce an inactivated vaccine of high potency with low toxicity. Inactivated VEE vaccines were prepared by exposing virus suspensions to 8 x 106 or 10 X 106 r of gamma radiation. Irradiated VEE vaccines prepared from virus suspensions produced in Maitland-type chick embryo (MTCE) cell cultures and in monolayer cultures of human diploid strain WI-38 cells were highly immunogenic for mice and guinea pigs. Guinea pigs vaccinated with a series of three inoculations of vaccine (MTCE) survived challenge with at least 108.4 mouse intracerebral 50% lethal doses of VEE virus. Irradiated vaccines induced high levels of serum-neutralizing and hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibodies in guinea pigs and rabbits. These findings suggest that ionizing radiation may be effective in the preparation of an inactivated VEE vaccine.

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“…Assays for virus infectivity were performed by plaque titration in 24-hr chick embryo monolayer tissue cultures (CETC) and by titration of lethality in 10to 12-g weanling mice. Samples of irradiated virus that failed to produce plaques in tissue culture and were nonlethal for weanling mice after joint intracerebralintraperitoneal inoculation (0.03 and 0.1 ml) were titrated in suckling mice for residual live virus by a combination intracerebral and intraperitoneal inoculation of 0.02 and 0.03 ml, respectively (12). Fifty per cent lethal dose end points (LD50) were calculated by the method of Reed and Muench (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenicity of Purified Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Inactivated by Ionizing Radiation

Gruber¹

1971

Infect Immun

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Purified and concentrated Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus derived from tissue cultures, rendered noninfectious by ionizing radiation with retention of in vitro serological activity, also retained a high level of immunogenicity. In mice, fluid vaccines afforded excellent protection against lethal challenge with homologous Trinidad strain VEE virus. A direct relationship was observed between concentration of vaccine or number of injections and survival. One intraperitoneal inoculation of undiluted vaccine protected essentially all mice challenged 21 days later with 100,000 mouse intraperitoneal LD50 of virus. Similarly, mice receiving three injections of vaccines diluted 1:100 were completely protected. Noninfectious VEE virus preparations combined with adjuvant 65, a nontoxic metabolizable vehicle, were likewise very effective in protecting mice immunized intraperitoneally or subcutaneously against lethal challenge. Guinea pigs immunized subcutaneously with adjuvantcombined vaccine survived lethal challenge of 1,000,000 guinea pig intraperitoneal LD50.

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Inactivation of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus by γ-Radiation

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

Purification, Concentration, and Inactivation of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus

Purification, Concentration, and Inactivation of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus

Gamma-Irradiated Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Vaccines

Immunogenicity of Purified Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Inactivated by Ionizing Radiation

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