Inactivation of Some Animal Viruses with Gamma Radiation from Cobalt-60.

Jordan, Russell T.; Kempe, Lloyd Lute

doi:10.3181/00379727-91-22215

Cited by 57 publications

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“…Several methods have been used to inactivate infectious agents, including gamma irradiation [17]. In the early 1970s, gamma irradiation was used to inactivate wild-type VEEV [18, 19] with the intent of developing an inactivated vaccine.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparison of the immunological responses and efficacy of gamma-irradiated V3526 vaccine formulations against subcutaneous and aerosol challenge with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IAB

Martin¹,

Bakken

Lind

et al. 2010

Vaccine

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We recently developed a gamma-irradiation method to inactivate V3526, a live-attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) vaccine candidate. Dosage and schedule studies were conducted to evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy of gamma-irradiated V3526 (gV3526). Subcutaneous (SC) and low dosage intramuscular (IM) administration of gV3526 were highly effective in protecting mice against a SC challenge with VEEV IA/B Trinidad Donkey strain, but not against an equivalent aerosol challenge. More robust immune responses and increased protective efficacy were noted when the IM dosage of gV3526 was increased. IM administration of gV3526 formulated with either CpG or CpG plus Alhydrogel further augmented the immune response in mice and resulted in 100% protection against aerosol challenge.

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Section: 0 Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the immunological responses and efficacy of gamma-irradiated V3526 vaccine formulations against subcutaneous and aerosol challenge with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IAB

Martin¹,

Bakken

Lind

et al. 2010

Vaccine

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“…Physical, chemical and radiation methods have been used to inactivate infectious agents (Murdin et al, 1996; Jordan et al, 1955). In particular, gamma radiation has been advocated as a means of obtaining a sterile, biologically active biotechnology products and the use of ionizing radiation has been explored in the production of noninfective antigens for vaccines (Eisenberg and Osterman, 1979; Datta et al, 2006 ).…”

Section: 0 Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multisystem approach for development and evaluation of inactivated vaccines for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV)

Fine¹,

Jenkins²,

Martin³

et al. 2010

Journal of Virological Methods

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A multisystem approach was used to assess the efficiency of several methods for inactivation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) vaccine candidates. A combination of diverse assays (plaque, in vitro cytopathology and mouse neurovirulence) was used to verify virus inactivation, along with the use of a specific ELISA to measure retention of VEEV envelope glycoprotein epitopes in the development of several inactivated VEEV candidate vaccines derived from an attenuated strain of VEEV (V3526). Incubation of V3526 aliquots at temperatures in excess of 64°C for periods >30 minutes inactivated the virus, but substantially reduced VEEV specific monoclonal antibody binding of the inactivated material. In contrast, V3526 treated either with formalin at concentrations of 0.1% or 0.5% v/v for 4 or 24 hours, or irradiated with 50 kilogray gamma radiation rendered the virus noninfectious while retaining significant levels of monoclonal antibody binding. Loss of infectivity of both the formalin inactivated (fV3526) and gamma irradiated (gV3526) preparations was confirmed via five successive blind passages on BHK-21 cells. Similarly, loss of neurovirulence for fV3526 and gV3526 was demonstrated via intracerebral inoculation of suckling BALB/c mice. Excellent protection against subcutaneous challenge with VEEV IA/B Trinidad donkey strain was demonstrated using a two dose immunization regimen with either fV3526 or gV3526. The combination of in vitro and in vivo assays provides a practical approach to optimize manufacturing process parameters for development of other inactivated viral vaccines. KeywordsVenezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV); Formalin inactivated vaccines; Gamma irradiated vaccines; Neurovirulence; Alphavirus Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript IntroductionOver the past eighty years Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), an alphavirus (family Togaviridae) transmitted by mosquitoes, has caused periodic outbreaks of febrile and neurological disease in equine and human populations in Central and South America, as well as North America (Mexico and Texas) [Weaver et al., 2004]. Due to its highly infectious nature by aerosol [de Mucha-Macias and Sanchez-Spindola, 1965;Dietz et al., 1979], VEEV is also considered a potential biological weapon amenable to use in warfare and terrorism (Smith et al., 1997;Weaver et al., 2004). To address the above health concerns, two vaccines were developed by the U.S. government during the 1960s and 1970s: TC-83 (McKi...

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“…aeruginosa and biovars of Klebsiella. Clearly, viruses occasionally isolated from foods of animal origin are much more radiation resistant, showing D-values up to 0.6 Mrad (Jordan et al 1956;Johnson 1965;Sullivan et al 1971;Di Girolamo et al 1972) as contrasted to most non-sporing rod shaped bacteria whose D-values virtually never exceed 0.08 Mrad (Thornley 1963), all other determin-ants of radiation resistance being almost equal. It is possible, that this much higher radiation resistance is compensated for by lower frequencies of occurrence.…”

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confidence: 99%

THE ELIMINATION OF ENTERIC BACTERIAL PATHOGENS FROM FOOD AND FEED OF ANIMAL ORIGIN BY GAMMA IRRADIATION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SALMONELLA RADICIDATION¹

Mossel

1977

Journal of Food Quality

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Despite world‐wide severe underreporting of food‐transmitted disease of microbial origin, it is clear that the majority of such diseases is caused by enteropathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. Most of these are spread by foods of animal origin, consumed raw, or recontaminated subsequent to industrial or culinary heat processing. Radicidation with the help of gamma rays of carcasses or consumer size cuts presents a real solution to this problem. An ecologically based procedure for the estimation of the most probable effective dose for the elimination of enteric pathogens of bacterial origin from fresh meats, poultry and seafoods is described, special attention being paid to bacteriological analytical methodology found useful under conditions of practice. An additional advantage of this approach is, that it will allow easy assessment of lower doses, following reductions of initial enterobacterial loads, which should be attempted in parallel. It is demonstrated that most alleged counter‐indications so far hampering the use of ionizing radiation in food processing have now been eliminated, allowing full advantage to be derived from radicidation as an essential contribution to the protection of the consumer against diseases of microbial aetiology spread by foods, similar to the mandatory pasteurization of milk.

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Inactivation of Some Animal Viruses with Gamma Radiation from Cobalt-60.

Cited by 57 publications

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Comparison of the immunological responses and efficacy of gamma-irradiated V3526 vaccine formulations against subcutaneous and aerosol challenge with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IAB

Comparison of the immunological responses and efficacy of gamma-irradiated V3526 vaccine formulations against subcutaneous and aerosol challenge with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IAB

A multisystem approach for development and evaluation of inactivated vaccines for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV)

THE ELIMINATION OF ENTERIC BACTERIAL PATHOGENS FROM FOOD AND FEED OF ANIMAL ORIGIN BY GAMMA IRRADIATION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SALMONELLA RADICIDATION¹

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Inactivation of Some Animal Viruses with Gamma Radiation from Cobalt-60.

Cited by 57 publications

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Comparison of the immunological responses and efficacy of gamma-irradiated V3526 vaccine formulations against subcutaneous and aerosol challenge with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IAB

Comparison of the immunological responses and efficacy of gamma-irradiated V3526 vaccine formulations against subcutaneous and aerosol challenge with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IAB

A multisystem approach for development and evaluation of inactivated vaccines for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV)

THE ELIMINATION OF ENTERIC BACTERIAL PATHOGENS FROM FOOD AND FEED OF ANIMAL ORIGIN BY GAMMA IRRADIATION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SALMONELLA RADICIDATION1

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THE ELIMINATION OF ENTERIC BACTERIAL PATHOGENS FROM FOOD AND FEED OF ANIMAL ORIGIN BY GAMMA IRRADIATION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SALMONELLA RADICIDATION¹