Inactivation of Norovirus Surrogates after Exposure to Atmospheric Ozone

Cannon, Jennifer L.; Kotwal, Grishma; Wang, Qing

doi:10.1080/01919512.2013.771953

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In the case of ozone treatment of small volume chambers, there are some similarities in the methodology used in the different studies (Predmore et al 2015 ; Brié et al 2018 ; Tanaka et al 2009 ; Lin et al 2007 ; Cannon et al 2012 ; Maier and Chu 2016 ; Zhou et al 2018 ). The analyzed surfaces vary from inert materials like plastic (Tanaka et al 2009 ) or stainless steel (Maier and Chu 2016 ) to microbiologically active surfaces like vegetables and fruit (Predmore et al 2015 ; Brié et al 2018 ; Zhou et al 2018 ) or culture dishes (Lin et al 2007 ).…”

Section: Data Analysis and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone potential to fight against SAR-COV-2 pandemic: facts and research needs

Blanco

Ojembarrena

Clavo

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The greatest challenge the world is facing today is to win the battle against COVID-19 pandemic as soon as possible. Until a vaccine is available, personal protection, social distancing, and disinfection are the main tools against SARS-CoV-2. Although it is quite infectious, the SARS-CoV-2 virus itself is an enveloped virus that is relatively fragile because its protective fatty layer is sensitive to heat, ultraviolet radiation, and certain chemicals. However, heat and liquid treatments can damage some materials, and ultraviolet light is not efficient in shaded areas, so other disinfection alternatives are required to allow safe re-utilization of materials and spaces. As of this writing, evidences are still accumulating for the use of ozone gas as a disinfectant for sanitary materials and ambient disinfection in indoor areas. This paper reviews the most relevant results of virus disinfection by the application of gaseous ozone. The review covers disinfection treatments of both air and surfaces carried out in different volumes, which varies from small boxes and controlled chambers to larger rooms, as a base to develop future ozone protocols against COVID-19. Published papers have been critically analyzed to evaluate trends in the required ozone dosages, as a function of relative humidity (RH), contact time, and viral strains. The data have been classified depending on the disinfection objective and the volume and type of the experimental set-up. Based on these data, conservative dosages and times to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 are estimated. In small chambers, 10–20 mg ozone/m3 over 10 to 50 min can be sufficient to significantly reduce the virus load of personal protection equipment. In large rooms, 30 to 50 mg ozone/m3 would be required for treatments of 20–30 min. Maximum antiviral activity of ozone is achieved at high humidity, while the same ozone concentrations under low RH could result inefficient. At these ozone levels, safety protocols must be strictly followed. These data can be used for reducing significantly the viral load although for assuring a safe disinfection, the effective dosages under different conditions need to be confirmed with experimental data.

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Section: Data Analysis and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone potential to fight against SAR-COV-2 pandemic: facts and research needs

Blanco

Ojembarrena

Clavo

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In order to protect the health of occupants, and keeping in mind that leakage from the closed hospital rooms can occur, it is crucial that the concentration used for air treatment be below this value. In the literature, ozone concentrations between 6.25 ppm and 60,000 ppm have been used [47][48][49][50][51] for inactivating norovirus surrogates on surfaces or food, which are all above the IDLH. Three studies used concentrations below the IDHL, with exposure times of 2 min or less [52][53][54].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone efficacy for the control of airborne viruses: Bacteriophage and norovirus models

et al. 2020

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This study was designed to test the efficacy of an air treatment using ozone and relative humidity (RH) for the inactivation of airborne viruses. Four phages (φX174, PR772, MS2 and φ6) and one eukaryotic virus (murine norovirus MNV-1) were exposed to low ozone concentrations (1.23 ppm for phages and 0.23 ppm for MNV-1) and various levels of RH for 10 to 70 minutes. The inactivation of these viruses was then assessed to determine which of the tested conditions provided the greatest reduction in virus infectivity. An inactivation of at least two orders of magnitude for φX174, MS2 and MNV-1 was achieved with an ozone exposure of 40 minutes at 85% RH. For PR772 and φ6, exposure to the reference condition at 20% RH for 10 minutes yielded the same results. These findings suggest that ozone used at a low concentration is a powerful disinfectant for airborne viruses when combined with a high RH.Air treatment could therefore be implemented inside hospital rooms ventilated naturally.

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“…Ozone is a powerful oxidant frequently used for inactivating pathogenic microorganisms in water and wastewater (Crini and Lichtfouse 2019 ; Mecha and Chollom 2020 ; von Gunten 2003 ). In addition to its qualities as a water disinfectant, ozone gas has been successfully applied for the disinfection of viruses on surfaces and in aerosols (Cannon et al 2013 ; Tseng and Li 2006 ). Tseng and Li ( 2008 ) have found that ozone exposure—a product of exposure time and ozone concentration—of 9–52 ppm·min results in 90% inactivation (1-log 10 ) of four different bacteriophages placed on a gelatin-based surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudoviruses for the assessment of coronavirus disinfection by ozone

et al. 2021

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The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted public health worldwide. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via aerosols and surfaces has highlighted the need for efficient indoor disinfection methods. For instance, the use of ozone gas as a safe and potent disinfectant against SARS-CoV-2 virus is of particular interest. Here we tested the use of pseudoviruses as a model for evaluating ozone disinfection of the coronavirus at ozone concentrations of 30, 100, and 1000 ppmv. Results show that ozone disinfection rate of pseudoviruses was similar to that of coronavirus 229E (HuCoV-229E) at short contact times, below 30 min. Viral infection decreased by 95% following ozone exposure for 20 min at 1000 ppmv, 30 min at 100 ppmv and about 40 min at 30 ppmv. This findings mean that ozone is a powerful disinfectant toward the enveloped pseudovirus even at low ozone exposure. We also showed that viral disinfection occurs on various contaminated surfaces, with a positive association between disinfection and surface hydrophilicity. Infected surfaces made of aluminum alloy, for example, were better disinfected with ozone as compared to brass, copper, and nickel surfaces. Lastly, we demonstrate the advantage of ozone over liquid disinfectants by showing similar viral disinfection on top, side, bottom, and interior surfaces. Overall, our study demonstrates the potential use of ozone gas disinfection to combat the COVID-19 outbreak.

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Inactivation of Norovirus Surrogates after Exposure to Atmospheric Ozone

Cited by 12 publications

References 9 publications

Ozone potential to fight against SAR-COV-2 pandemic: facts and research needs

Ozone potential to fight against SAR-COV-2 pandemic: facts and research needs

Ozone efficacy for the control of airborne viruses: Bacteriophage and norovirus models

Pseudoviruses for the assessment of coronavirus disinfection by ozone

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