Inactivation of Influenza Virus and of Viral Hemagglutinin by the Ciliate
            <i>Tetrahymena geleii</i>

Groupé, Vincent; Pugh, Leonora H.

doi:10.1126/science.115.2986.307

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Subsequently, laboratory investigations were done, commonly with Tetrahymena. The viruses included influenza virus [74], encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus [75], measles virus [75], vaccinia virus [76], coxsackie B-5 virus [77], adenovirus 3 [78], poliovirus [79], and Simian rotavirus SA11 [80]. Usually the ciliates were either assumed or demonstrated not to support production of these mammalian viruses [78,80] but sometimes the results were equivocal [75,77].…”

Section: Ciliates Interacting With Fish Microbial and Viral Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was shown for influenza virus by T. geleii Furgason, 1940 (syn. T. pyriformis) and T. pyriformis [74,81], adenovirus by T. pyriformis [78], and poliovirus by T. pyriformis [79]. For fish, connections between infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), the ciliate, Miamiensis avidus, and the seahorse were explored in the laboratory [82].…”

Section: Ciliates Interacting With Fish Microbial and Viral Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of Cell Cultures to Study the Interactions of Ciliates with Fish

Pinheiro¹,

Bols²

2013

Springer Science Reviews

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How the ciliates of fish can be cultured and be used to study ciliate/fish interactions are reviewed. The culturing of ciliates is currently done in basal solutions based on either freshwater, seawater, or bodily fluids of vertebrates. These are supplemented either with bacteria, fish cells, or organic matter, which can be defined or more commonly undefined, with proteose peptone being a prominent example. Among pathogenic ciliates, the most difficult to culture has been Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. To contrast, Cryptocaryon irritans caused a similar disease and has been maintained successfully in co-cultures with fish cells. Pathogenic scuticociliates and tetrahymenas are more amenable to culture, and can be grown axenically. These cultures have been used to study pathogenic mechanisms and to screen drugs for their potential chemotherapeutic value. Ciliates may act directly on fish to cause disease, but may also influence fish health indirectly through their interactions with other types of fish pathogens, for example bacteria and fungi. For example, in culture Tetrahymena spp. have been shown to phagocytose pathogenic bacteria, Yersinia ruckerii, and microsporidia, Glugea hertwigi, where ciliates are not linked to disease, very different ciliate/fish interactions are possible. For some fish larvae, free-living ciliates are a source of nutrients. Large-scale cultures of both freshwater and marine ciliates have been achieved and could be a source of feed for fish larvae in aquaculture. Finally, ciliates have the potential to feed on fish carcasses and in doing so make nutrients available to the ecosystem. In the future cell cultures should be invaluable in studying these and other possible relationships between fish and ciliates.

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Section: Ciliates Interacting With Fish Microbial and Viral Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ciliates Interacting With Fish Microbial and Viral Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Cell Cultures to Study the Interactions of Ciliates with Fish

Pinheiro¹,

Bols²

2013

Springer Science Reviews

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“…Miki and Jacquet, 2008; 2010). Thus, protists could serve as potential inactivation or elimination agents of viruses in general and human pathogens in particular (Groupe and Pugh, ; Kim and Unno, ; Pinheiro et al ., 2007; 2008; Akunyili et al ., ; Hennemuth et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grazing of heterotrophic flagellates on viruses is driven by feeding behaviour

Deng

Krauss

Feichtmayer

et al. 2013

Environ Microbiol Rep

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The trophic interactions between viruses, bacteria and protists play a crucial role in structuring microbial communities and regulating nutrient and organic matter flux. Here, we show that the impact on viral density by heterotrophic flagellates is related to their feeding behaviour (feeding on sedimented particles - Thaumatomonas coloniensis, filter feeding of suspended particles - Salpingoeca sp., and actively searching raptorial feeding - Goniomonas truncata). Phage MS2 was co-incubated with flagellates and the natural bacterial and viral community originating from the same groundwater habitats where the flagellates were isolated. Three complementary assays, i.e. flow cytometry, qPCR and plaque assay, were used for enumeration of total viruses, total MS2 phages, and free and infectious MS2, respectively, to provide insights into the grazing mechanisms of the flagellates on viruses. Phage MS2 was actively removed by the suspension feeders T. coloniensis and Salpingoeca sp. in contrast with the actively raptoriale grazer G. truncata. The decline of viral titre was demonstrated to be caused by ingestion rather than random absorption by both qPCR and locating protein fluorescently labelled MS2 inside the flagellates. Further, we indicate that phages can be used as a minor carbon source for flagellates. Collectively, these data demonstrate that eliminating viruses can be an important function of protists in microbial food webs, carbon cycling and potentially water quality control.

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“…The viruses have included poliovirus, rotavirus, influenza virus, and adenovirus (Benyahya et al. ; Groupe and Pugh ; Groupe et al. ; Kim and Unno ; Sepp et al.…”

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confidence: 99%

Activation of an Aquareovirus, Chum Salmon Reovirus (CSV), by the CiliatesTetrahymena thermophilaandT. canadensis

Pinheiro

Bols

2018

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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For the first time, ciliates have been found to activate rather than inactivate a virus, chum salmon reovirus (CSV). Activation was seen as an increase in viral titre upon incubation of CSV at 22 °C with Tetrahymena canadenesis and two strains of T. thermophila: wild type (B1975) and a temperature conditional mutant for phagocytosis (NP1). The titre increase was not likely due to replication because CSV had no visible effects on the ciliates and no vertebrate virus has ever been shown unequivocally to replicate in ciliates. When incubated with B1975 and NP1 at 30 °C, CSV was activated only by B1975. Therefore, activation required CSV internalization because at 30 °C only B1975 exhibited phagocytosis. CSV replicated in fish cells at 18 to 26 °C but not at 30 °C. Collectively, these observations point to CSV activation being distinct from replication. Activation is attributed to the CSV capsid being modified in the ciliate phagosomal-lysosomal system and released in a more infectious form. When allowed to swim in CSV-infected fish cell cultures, collected, washed, and transferred to uninfected cultures, T. canadensis caused a CSV infection. Overall the results suggest that ciliates could have roles in the environmental dissemination of some fish viral diseases.

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Inactivation of Influenza Virus and of Viral Hemagglutinin by the Ciliate Tetrahymena geleii

Cited by 14 publications

References 3 publications

Use of Cell Cultures to Study the Interactions of Ciliates with Fish

Use of Cell Cultures to Study the Interactions of Ciliates with Fish

Grazing of heterotrophic flagellates on viruses is driven by feeding behaviour

Activation of an Aquareovirus, Chum Salmon Reovirus (CSV), by the CiliatesTetrahymena thermophilaandT. canadensis

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