Nature
has evolved many elegant solutions to enable life to flourish
at low temperatures by either allowing (tolerance) or preventing (avoidance)
ice formation. These processes are typically controlled by ice nucleating
proteins or antifreeze proteins, which act to either promote nucleation,
prevent nucleation or inhibit ice growth depending on the specific
need, respectively. These proteins can be expensive and their mechanisms
of action are not understood, limiting their translation, especially
into biomedical cryopreservation applications. Here well-defined poly(vinyl
alcohol), synthesized by RAFT/MADIX polymerization, is investigated
for its ice nucleation inhibition (INI) activity, in contrast to its
established ice growth inhibitory properties and compared to other
synthetic polymers. It is shown that ice nucleation inhibition activity
of PVA has a strong molecular weight dependence; polymers with a degree
of polymerization below 200 being an effective inhibitor at just 1
mg.mL–1. Other synthetic and natural polymers, both
with and without hydroxyl-functional side chains, showed negligible
activity, highlighting the unique ice/water interacting properties
of PVA. These findings both aid our understanding of ice nucleation
but demonstrate the potential of engineering synthetic polymers as
new biomimetics to control ice formation/growth processes