Inactivation of <i>Stachybotrys chartarum</i> grown on gypsum board using aerosolized chemical agents

Wagner, Andrew; Hoffman, Melissa; Green, Christopher F.; Barth, E.; Davidson, Craig S.; Gibbs, Shawn G.; Scarpino, Pasquale V.

doi:10.1139/s05-037

Cited by 3 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This could have been from the reaction with the gypsum board, thus reducing the oxidizing potential of the chlorine dioxide. Finally, the sodium hypochlorite solution had 1.55 to 1.92 log kill rates, which was the highest antimicrobial properties (Wagner et al, 2008).…”

Section: Decontamination Methods: Chlorinementioning

confidence: 95%

“…Perez et al (2005) found that liquid disinfectants on hard surfaces were effective to reduce organism load (including Bacillus subtilis) although chlorine dioxide did take longer. Wagner et al (2008) conducted a study evaluating the inactivation rates of deposited Bacillus subtilis on untreated gypsum board, similar to what would be found in interior spaces. The treatments used included aerosolized solutions of distilled water, 0.05% chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ), and 0.6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl).…”

Section: Decontamination Methods: Chlorinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These simulants have included Bacillus subtilis var niger (also known as Bacillus globigii (BG) or Bacillus subtilis) (Aizenberg et al, 2000;Burton et al, 2005;Carrera et al, 2005;Farnsworth et al, 2006;Foarde et al, 1999;Hill et al, 1999;Jensen, 1992;Mainelis et al, 2002;Maus et al, 2001;Li and Lin, 2001;Sagripanti et al, 2007;Wagner et al, 2008;Yah and Mainelis, 2007). Additionally, Bacillus atrophaeus has been used in the past because the spore is virtually indistinguishable from Bacillus subtilis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perez et al (2005) found that liquid disinfectants on hard surfaces were effective to reduce organism load, including Bacillus subtilis tests. Other studies have shown 1.55 to 1.92 log kill rates on Bacillus subtilis on untreated gypsum wall board for commercially available bleach as well as for chlorine dioxide at 500 ppm (Wagner et al, 2008). Aqueous ClO 2 was also used on nonporous surfaces in two mail sorting machines (Canter et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These spores, like most of the Bacillus species, are non-pathogenic to humans (Priest, 1993;Sonenshein et al, 110 1993). These spores are widely used in research due to their ubiquity, hardiness, availability, and relation to known pathogens (Aizenberg et al, 2000;Burton et al, 2005;Carrera et al, 2005;Coohill and Sagripanti 2008;Farnsworth et al, 2006;Foarde et al, 1999;Jensen, 1992;Maus et al, 2001;Li and Lin, 2001;Sagripanti et al, 2007;Wagner et al, 2008;Yah and Mainelis, 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Decontamination of Bioaerosols within Engineering Tolerances of Aircraft Materials

Frazey¹,

Reynolds²

2012

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DECONTAMINATION OF BIOAEROSOLS WITHIN ENGINEERING TOLERANCES OF AIRCRAFT MATERIALSBacillus anthracis spores are generally considered the most difficult biological agents to decontaminate or inactivate. Inactivation of these spores is further complicated on aircraft because engineering specifications do not allow for chemical disinfectants to be used. Aircraft, however, must meet strict engineering specifications, requiring extended storage at temperatures greater than 185° F at 100% relative humidity (RH). Heat and humidity near these levels have been tested to determine if they can inactivate spores; however, these studies have only evaluated spores in high concentrations (10 6 spores) on aluminum coupons. This dissertation research was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of high heat and humidity on Bacillus atrophaeus subsp globigii (BG) spores, a simulant commonly used for Bacillus anthracis, when delivered via three different methods onto two different materials.In Chapter 2, an innovative bioaerosol deposition chamber design and testing is described. The test chamber was designed to deposit Bacillus atrophaeus subsp globigii (BG) spores onto coupons modeling real aircraft components. Deposition equations were derived to model the spore deposition. Initial deposition tests with fluorescent particles were inconclusive because the limit of quantification could not be reached; therefore, the BG spores were used to test deposition. Initial tests demonstrated the parameters that could be manipulated throughout the experiments to control the spore deposition. After these were evaluated, four final tests were completed to perform more in-depth statistical analysis. The coefficients of variation for these tests were within acceptable ranges (all were 25.5% or less). Ryan-Joiner tests were performed iii on the data and showed that 2 of the 4 tests displayed a lognormal distribution, while the other 2 tests were inconclusive. All data was therefore treated as a lognormal distribution. Contour plots were then constructed to determine if a discernible pattern was present. While these contour plots showed a somewhat even dispersion, there were no discernible patterns.Additionally, the plots showed a wide range of spore deposition throughout the four tests.Finally, the equations derived for spore deposition were validated. The data showed that 8.67%up to 31.0% (average of 20.25%) of the spores modeled could actually deposit and be recovered through culture methods. These losses could have occurred during the nebulization through inactivation or clumping after the spores were aerosolized. Regardless, this showed that the equations could be used after accounting for these losses. The study demonstrated that the test chamber can be used for spore depositions with the caveat that future studies include an appropriate control coupon next to each sample.In Chapter 3, decontamination of aluminum coupons was evaluated using the BG spores inoculated in three different methods-high direct inoculation (10 6 spores per c...

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Section: Decontamination Methods: Chlorinementioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Decontamination Methods: Chlorinementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Decontamination of Bioaerosols within Engineering Tolerances of Aircraft Materials

Frazey¹,

Reynolds²

2012

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Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis on gypsum board using aerosolized chemical agents

Wagner

Green

Pedregon³

et al. 2008

Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science

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The ability of aerosolized disinfectant agents to reach exterior and interior spaces of walls and other difficult to access areas has potential as a remediation technique for contained biological contamination. Bacillus subtilis were evaluated against aerosolized solutions of distilled water (dH 2 O, control), 0.05% chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ), and 0.6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Bacillus subtilis endospores were inoculated onto commercially available gypsum board with paper facing. Aerosols generated from a collison nebulizer were directed into a sterile contact chamber housing the inoculated gypsum board for 4, 8, and 12 hour periods. Independent evaluations were conducted of the gypsum board where the organism B. subtilis were exposed to the aerosolized disinfectant. Treatment effects were evaluated through the collection of surface samples before and after exposures. The aerosolized 0.6% sodium hypochlorite solution was the only treatment successful in reducing the total concentration of B. subtilis. Treatment with sodium hypochlorite solution reduced B. subtilis organisms by 1.55-log after 4 h, 1.92-log after 8 h, and 2.50-log after 12 h of exposure, though the difference in log-reduction between exposure periods were not statistically significant.Résumé : La capacité des désinfectants vaporisés à atteindre les surfaces extérieures et intérieures des murs et d'autres zones difficiles d'accès leur confère le potentiel de remédier à une contamination biologique en milieu fermé. Bacillus subtilis a été évalué contre diverses solutions vaporisées d'eau distillée (contrôle), de dioxyde de chlore à 0,05 % (ClO2), et d'hypochlorure de sodium à 0,6 % (NaOCl). Les endospores de B. subtilis ont été inoculés sur des plaques de plâtre cartonnées disponibles sur le marché. Les aérosols générés par un nébuliseur Collison ont été dirigés dans une salle de contact stérile comprenant les plaques de plâtre cartonnées inoculées pour des durées de quatre, huit et douze heures. Des évaluations indépendantes ont été réalisées sur les plaques de plâtre cartonnées où B. subtilis a été exposé au désinfectant vaporisé. Les effets des traitements ont été évalués par la collecte d'échantillons de surface avant et après les expositions. La solution vaporisée d'hypochlorure de sodium à 0,6 % a été le seul traitement ayant réussi à réduire la concentration totale de B. subtilis. Le traitement avec la solution vaporisée d'hypochlorure de sodium a réduit les organismes B. subtilis de 1,55log après 4 heures, de 1,92log après 8 heures et de 2,50log après 12 heures d'exposition, bien que la différence dans la réduction logarithmique entre les périodes d'exposition n'était pas significative statistiquement. Mots-clés : Bacillus subtilis, désinfectant vaporisé, plaque de plâtre cartonnée.[Traduit par la Rédaction]

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Update on Stachybotrys chartarum—Black Mold Perceived as Toxigenic and Potentially Pathogenic to Humans

Dyląg

Spychała

Zielinski

et al. 2022

Biology

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In nature, there are many species of fungi known to produce various mycotoxins, allergens and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as well as the commonly known etiological agents of various types of mycoses. So far, none of them have provoked so much emotion among homeowners, builders, conservators, mycologists and clinicians as Stachybotrys chartarum. This species compared to fungi of the genera Fusarium and Aspergillus is not as frequently described to be a micromycete that is toxigenic and hazardous to human and animal health, but interest in it has been growing consistently for three decades. Depending on the authors of any given review article, attention is focused either on the clinical aspects alongside the role of this fungus in deterioration of biomaterials, or aspects related to its biology, ecology and taxonomic position. On the one hand, it is well established that inhalation of conidia, containing the highest concentrations of toxic metabolites, may cause serious damage to the mammalian lung, particularly with repeated exposure. On the other hand, we can find articles in which authors demonstrate that S. chartarum conidia can germinate and form hyphae in lungs but are not able to establish an effective infection. Finally, we can find case reports that suggest that S. chartarum infection is linked with acute pulmonary hemorrhage, based on fungal structures recovered from patient lung tissue. New scientific reports have verified the current state of knowledge and note that clinical significance of this fungus is exceedingly controversial. For these reasons, understanding S. chartarum requires reviewing the well-known toxigenic features and harmful factors associated with this fungus, by gathering the newest ones into a coherent whole. The research problem related to this fungus seems to be not overly publicized, and there is still a demand to truthfully define the real threats of S. chartarum and phylogenetically related species. The most important problem, which should be fully elucidated as soon as possible, remains the clarification of the pathogenicity of S. chartarum and related species. Maybe it is urgent time to ask a critical question, namely what exactly do we know 28 years after the outbreak of pulmonary hemorrhage in infants in Cleveland, Ohio, USA most likely caused by S. chartarum?

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Inactivation of Stachybotrys chartarum grown on gypsum board using aerosolized chemical agents

Cited by 3 publications

References 10 publications

Decontamination of Bioaerosols within Engineering Tolerances of Aircraft Materials

Decontamination of Bioaerosols within Engineering Tolerances of Aircraft Materials

Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis on gypsum board using aerosolized chemical agents

Update on Stachybotrys chartarum—Black Mold Perceived as Toxigenic and Potentially Pathogenic to Humans

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