Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone and free chlorine

Prevalence ofCryptosporidiumspp. andGiardia intestinalisin Swimming Pools, Atlanta, Georgia

“…These improvements should also include consideration of supplementary inline disinfection systems known to inactivate Cryptosporidium spp. (e.g., ultraviolet light, ozone) and other pathogens (3,(12)(13)(14). These data also underscore the need for the general public, particularly immunocompromised persons, to understand recreational water-associated illness transmission and adopt healthy swimming habits (e.g., no swimming when ill with diarrhea, no swallowing of pool water, improved hygiene [15]) that are needed to reduce the risk for pathogen transmission.…”

Risk analysis of drinking water microbial contamination versus disinfection by-products (DBPs)

“…Unlike chlorine alone, ozone is very effective in inactivating Cryptosporidium oocysts (Corona-Vasquez et al, 2002). The problem with ozonation, however, is that various DBPs are produced, of which bromate is considered the most important.…”

Wastewater disinfection and organic matter removal using ferrate (VI) oxidation

“…In the best cases, municipal wastewater effluents are disinfected by chlorination. However, it has been well documented that many pathogenic species are resistant to chlorine-based disinfection (Corona-Vasquez et al 2002;Orta et al 2004;García et al 2007). Additionally, the use of chlorine for disinfection of wastewater with a high content of organic matter is known to produce chlorinated disinfection byproducts, widely documented as animal carcinogens and some of them suspected as human carcinogens (Gelover et al 2000;Liberti et al 2002).…”