Inactivation of bacteria and viruses in human urine depending on temperature and dilution rate

Vinnerås, Björn; Nordin, Annika; Niwagaba, Charles; Nyberg, Karin

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.06.014

Cited by 115 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…NH equilibrium, volumetric mass transfer coefficient and overall mass transfer coefficient for NH 3 volatilization in the investigated mass transfer apparatus; R 2 : coefficients of determination for graphs in Figure 3(b). Area demand for solar low-tech stripping devices in solar box cookers can be estimated by rearranging Equation (7). Considering that the specific interface is the gas/liquid interface, "A", related to the liquid volume, V L , the rearrangement results in Equation (8).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A six months storage of urine at 20˚C is considered to make it a hygienically safe fertilizer for any crop, as there is even virucidal action of the ureolyzed urine due to its elevated pH of around 9 [6]. Vinnerås et al [7] have emphasized that the urine should not be diluted, because hygienization during storage was found to depend on ammonia concentration. Below an ammonia concentration of 40 mM, pathogenic microorganisms persisted longer irrespective of temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pretreating Stored Human Urine for Solar Evaporation by Low-Technology Ammonia Stripping

Gulyas¹,

Zhang²,

Otterpohl³

2014

JEP

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In order to avoid the loss of ammonia during solar drying of stored urine, low-tech stripping is suggested as a pretreatment process for ammonia recovery. The mass transfer of ammonia from stored urine with an initial pH of about 9 was tested in a simple closed vessel operated at 72˚C, 74˚C and 85˚C. The specific urine/gas interface was 16.97 m −1 . For ammonia absorption, a beaker with sulfuric acid was positioned in the gas phase of the container. After keeping the stored urine for 73 h at 85˚C, the concentration of free ammonia (NH3) was reduced by more than 99%, and the pH of the stored urine decreased to 6.4 due to ammonia volatilization. Total ammonia ( 3 NH + + 4 NH ) concentration was reduced by only 83% in the same period. At lower temperatures, the process was slower. Required treatment time can be reduced when specific gas/liquid interface is increased. Because it is known that water can be heated in solar boxes to temperatures above 90˚C, this simple stripping apparatus is feasible to be operated with solar energy in remote areas with suitable climatic conditions where no electric power is available. As the area demand for solar "low-tech stripping" is less than 1 m 2 per capita, this process can be looked at as a suitable pretreatment of stored urine prior to solar evaporation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pretreating Stored Human Urine for Solar Evaporation by Low-Technology Ammonia Stripping

Gulyas¹,

Zhang²,

Otterpohl³

2014

JEP

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“…Urine used in the experiment was provided by ITT students (men aged 18-25), being collected in a toilet from the Instituro Tecnologico de Torreon designed specifically for the experiment, and prior to dilution was stored at 20 °C for Torreón destinado específicamente para el experimento, y previamente a su dilución fue almacenada a 20 o C por seis meses en contenedores plásticos sellados de 50 L protegidos de la luz, de acuerdo con Jönsson et al (2004), y Vinneras et al (2008). La composición nutrimental de la orina (en mg L -1 ) después del almacenamiento fue: nitrógeno (6830), fósforo (180), potasio (2050), calcio (80), magnesio (200), y sodio (3430).…”

Section: Collection and Storage Of Urineunclassified

Producción de plántulas de chile jalapeño fertilizadas con orina

Preciado-Rangel

Fortis-Hernández

García‐Hernández

et al. 2017

Remexca

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La orina es considerada un fertilizante orgánico con un gran potencial en sistemas sustentables de producción agrícola, debido a su contenido de nutrientes; sin embargo, no puede ser aplicada directamente debido a su alto contenido salino, por lo cual es necesario un acondicionamiento previo para disminuir el pH y la salinidad. En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto de diluciones de orina en agua (1, 2, 3 y 4 dS m-1), más dos tratamientos adicionales (solución Steiner y agua destilada) sobre el crecimiento y la absorción nutrimental de plántulas de chile Jalapeño. Las plántulas fertilizadas con orina diluida tuvieron mayor contenido de nitrógeno (35.4-59.9%) que las fertilizadas con solución Steiner. Además, no se observaron diferencias significativas en los parámetros de crecimiento entre plántulas fertilizadas con solución nutritiva Steiner, o con orina diluida a 1 dS m-1. Se concluyo que la orina diluida puede ser usada como una fuente nutricional alterna para la producción de plántulas de chile jalapeño.

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“…It is well known that the main proportion of the nitrogen in urine is excreted as urea, which is transformed into ammonia in the collection tank and which increases the pH to 8.8 -9.0 [4]. Also, the alkaline pH is required to get substantial amount of ammonia in the uncharged state (NH 3 ), which the biocidal effect was previously proved [10] [11]. On comparing data, the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen in all urine samples did not great vary during the treatment by storage.…”

Section: Chemical Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the ecological sanitation system used in this study, the adopted urine treatment consists in storage in tanks, then exposure to sun for days [9]. Ambient temperature as well as urine intrinsic parameters would contribute to pathogen removal [10]- [12]. It is important to note that Ouagadougou is located in the Sudano-Sahelian climate zone characterized by minimum temperatures of 14˚C -21˚C and 33˚C -42˚C maximum, with a short rainy season (May to October) and a long dry season.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality of Human Urine Used as Fertilizer: Case of an Ecological Sanitation System in Ouagadougou Peri-Urban Areas-Burkina Faso

Makaya¹,

Savadogo²,

Somda³

et al. 2014

JEP

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The use in agriculture of excreta from urine-diversion toilets can be an alternative solution to the lack of sanitation and high costs of mineral fertilizers inherent to developing countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic quality of urine used as fertilizer through an ecological sanitation system in Ouagadougou peri-urban areas. Chemical and microbiological analyses were performed in urine samples taken before and after thirty (30) days of storage in jerry cans exposed to sunlight. The concentrations of 7.0 g/l; 3.5 and 9.6 g/l of ammonia nitrogen for mean, minimum and maximum respectively, are obtained in unstored urine samples. These concentrations did not practically vary with the storage. On average, values of other chemical parameters analyzed in stored urine were as follows: pH, 8.8; phosphorus (P), 0.3 g/l; potassium (K), 1.9 g/l; total dissolved solids (TDS), 21.0 g/l; cadmium (Cd), 154.3 µg/l; copper (Cu), 5.2 µg/l; lead (Pb), 15.2 µg/l; chromium (Cr), 6.1 µg/l; nickel (Ni), 154.0 µg/l. Escherichia coli, staphylococci, enterococci, Salmonella and spores of Clostridium perfringens were detected in unstored urine samples, with 26% of fecal contamination rate. The time of storage (30 days) under sunlight was enough for almost all bacteria removal in urine samples. Although the fertilizing value of urine was confirmed, it would be important to take account of the best practices on applying in soils, because of the high TDS contents. Also, the risk linked to micropollutants in urine-based fertilizers could be negligible in view of low quantities. The results obtained in this study prove that after 30 days of exposure to sunlight urine collected via eco-toilet becomes bacteriologically sanitized, and can therefore be J. M. Makaya et al. 468 used to fertilize soils. However, it is necessary to demonstrate the inactivation of other groups of enteric microorganisms in human urine during storage.

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Inactivation of bacteria and viruses in human urine depending on temperature and dilution rate

Cited by 115 publications

References 26 publications

Pretreating Stored Human Urine for Solar Evaporation by Low-Technology Ammonia Stripping

Pretreating Stored Human Urine for Solar Evaporation by Low-Technology Ammonia Stripping

Producción de plántulas de chile jalapeño fertilizadas con orina

Quality of Human Urine Used as Fertilizer: Case of an Ecological Sanitation System in Ouagadougou Peri-Urban Areas-Burkina Faso

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