Inactivation of antineoplastics in clinical wastewater by electrolysis

Occurrence, Ecotoxicology, and Treatment of Anticancer Agents as Water Contaminants

“…Their structural integrity and cytotoxicity can be completely eliminated by 4-hour electrolysis using two platinum electrodes at a current of 100 mA. The same method also applied to paclitaxel for its complete degradation [32].…”

“…Oxidation with KMnO 4 or 5.25% NaOCl completely degraded methotrexate and removed its mutagenicity [21] The disposal process could be effectively monitored by HPLC or a bioluminescence assay developed by Wren et al [61] Alternative to chlorine-based treatment, ozone was also utilized to efficiently remove methotrexate in drinking water [24]. Compared to chemical degradation methods, electrolysis using two platinum electrodes at 100 mA current was able to eliminate 99% of the cytotoxicity from methotrexate in 2 hours [32]. Regarding the degradation of azathioprine, Barek et al [62] compared 5% NaOCl, 30% H 2 O 2 , and Fenton reagent.…”

“…They found that the mutagenicity of cisplatin and carboplatin was completely removed by sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. More recently, Hirose et al [32] applied an electrolytic treatment using two platinum electrodes at 100 mA to cisplatin. After two hours' electrolysis, the 50% cytotoxicity concentration against human lymphoblastoid cells reduced approximately 80%.…”

Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation of the Photocatalytic Effect of α-Fe₂O₃/SAPO-34 in the Elimination Process of the Anti-Cancer Drug Doxorubicin from Aqueous Solution

“…Moreover, by light radiation, the hydrogen peroxide molecule undergoes a cleavage to produce O 2 gas (2). According to the photocatalytic mechanism, the O 2 gas reacts with conduction band electrons through several steps and generates • OH radicals (3)(4)(5). …”

“…So due to the high toxicity of this drug, it should be completely degraded before entering the environment. To remove the anti-cancer drugs, several methods have been reported such as using a membrane, activated carbon adsorption, electrolysis, sonolysis and ozonation [4][5][6][7]. Since conventional treatments are often inadequate and inefficient to remove DOX and other pharmaceuticals from wastewater [8], further investigations on alternative treatment options are intensively pursued.…”