Inactivation Activities of Ozonated Water, Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water and Ethanol against SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

This study aimed to compare the SARS-CoV-2-inactivation activity and virucidal mechanisms of ozonated water (OW) with those of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) and 70% ethanol (EtOH). SARS-CoV-2-inactivation activity was evaluated in a virus solution containing 1%, 20% or 40% fetal bovine serum (FBS) with OW, SAEW or EtOH at a virus-to-test solution ratio of 1:9, 1:19 or 1:99 for a reaction time of 20 s. EtOH showed the strongest virucidal activity, followed by SAEW and OW. Even though EtOH potently inactivated the virus despite the 40% FBS concentration, virus inactivation by OW and SAEW decreased in proportion to the increase in FBS concentration. Nevertheless, OW and SAEW showed potent virucidal activity with 40% FBS at a virus-to-test solution ratio of 1:99. Real-time PCR targeting the viral genome revealed that cycle threshold values in the OW and SAEW groups were significantly higher than those in the control group, suggesting that OW and SAEW disrupted the viral genome. Western blotting analysis targeting the recombinant viral spike protein S1 subunit showed a change in the specific band into a ladder upon treatment with OW and SAEW. OW and SAEW may cause conformational changes in the S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

Virucidal Activities of Acidic Electrolyzed Water Solutions with Different pH Values against Multiple Strains of SARS-CoV-2

“…4 ). The virucidal mechanisms of action of AEW appear to depend on its high oxidizing activity, which induces disruption of the envelope and genome and the denaturation, aggregation, and destruction of viral proteins ( 9 , 24 , 32 ). Since these functions are nonspecific, the possibility exists that AEW may effectively inactivate emerging strains of SARS-CoV-2.…”

Application of an Ultrasonic Nebulizer Closet in the Disinfection of Textiles and Footwear

“…In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the virucidal capacity of disinfection systems has a further interest. SARS-CoV-2 is reported in the literature as being sensitive to the biocidal active substances present in VIRCOV BAC 360 [ 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 ]. Since the bacteriophage Lambda DSM 4499, used in the present study as a virucidal indicator, is non-enveloped [ 70 ], it is considered less susceptible to disinfection with this disinfectant than enveloped SARS-CoV-2 [ 71 , 72 , 73 ].…”

Rapid in vitro virucidal activity of slightly acidic hypochlorous acid water toward aerosolized coronavirus in simulated human-dispersed droplets

“…It is well known that the virucidal activity of HAW products, including SAHWs, is greatly reduced by the presence of organic materials ( Bloomfield et al., 1991 ; Fukuzaki, 2006 ; Takeda et al., 2021 , Y. 2020 ) – such as FBS or bovine mucin – which is its disadvantage in practical usage.…”