Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine does not influence the profile of prothrombotic antibody nor increase the risk of thrombosis in a prospective Chinese cohort

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Cell fusion as a link between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, COVID-19 complications, and vaccine side effects

“…Vaccines that use inactivated SARS-CoV2 (currently Sinopharm [104] and Sinovac [105]) would have an intermediate incidence of complications because inactivated viruses can still fuse cells from without (Figure 2), although without the capacity to express spike the incidence of syncytia is limited by the number of injected viral particles. This prediction is consistent with safety reports for vaccines that use inactivated virus [106,107] but further studies, and having all current and future vaccines tracked by publicly accessible databases of suspected vaccine complications, like VAERS [108] in the United States and EudraVigilance [109] in Europe, would provide a larger set of data to evaluate, as has been done to compare the AstraZeneca and Pfizer vaccines [83].…”

Cell Fusion as a Link between the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein, COVID-19 Complications, and Vaccine Side Effects

“…2), although without the capacity to express spike the incidence of syncytia is limited by the number of injected viral particles. This prediction is consistent with safety reports for vaccines that use inactivated virus 106,107 but further studies, and having all current and future vaccines tracked by publicly accessible databases of suspected vaccine complications, like VAERS 108 in the United States and EudraVigilance 109 in Europe, would provide a larger set of data to evaluate, as has been done to compare the AstraZeneca and Pfizer vaccines 83 .…”

Vaccination of elite athletes against SARS-CoV-2 and broader implications for public health policy

“…Therefore, the benefits of administering inactivated--virus vaccines against SARS--CoV--2 to elite strength, power and endurance athletes include, but are not limited to: 1) the formation of a robust and enduring antibody response against the comprehensive landscape of SARS--CoV--2 antigenic epitopes (55,56,57,65,67,68,69,70) 2) no requirement for elite athletes to reduce scheduled physical training and/or competitions following immunization (since exercise functions as a well recognized adjuvant to vaccination with an inactivated--virus vaccine 40,41,42,43); and there is no increased mechanistic risk of thrombogenesis and/or thromboembolism incurred by populations of actively training elite athletes following vaccination with an inactivated--virus SARS--CoV--2 vaccine (56). The maintenance of low levels of isolated spike proteins and/or isolated S1 following vaccination of elite athletes against SARS--CoV--2 are crucially important, due to the fact that actively training elite athletes are inherently predisposed to an elevated exercise--induced risk of thrombogenesis and thromboembolism, and isolated spike protein and/or isolated S1 acts to dramatically enhance this risk by facilitating coagulation and thrombogenesis in the context of exercise--induced elevations of plasma ADP (4,44,128,132).…”

“…That those members of the population who possess the most proficient protein synthetic apparatus frequently suffer pathology secondary to the toxicity of vaccine--induced, self-generated spike proteins and/or spike protein constituent components, such as S1, should not be viewed as rare, nor unexpected occurrences, but rather, an increased mechanistic risk for thrombosis and/or myocarditis should be fully recognized as an entirely logical and expected outcome issuing forth from the application of vaccination technology that is capable of flogging the protein synthetic apparatus of recipient patients, in a non--throttleable manner so as to generate very high rates of seroconversion amongst even the most catabolic segments of the population, exemplified, as such, by patients with end--stage renal disease (91). The significantly increased mechanistic risk incurred by populations of elite strength, power and endurance athletes upon vaccination with SARS--CoV--2 nucleotide vaccines provides a stark contrast to the impressively benign risk: reward ratio afforded to populations of elite athletes by inactivated--virus vaccines (37,39,47,56,100,135). The desirable risk profile of inactivated--virus SARS--CoV--2 vaccines in populations, such as elite athletes, with highly competent protein synthetic apparatus, expanded skeletal muscle capillary networks and high levels of physical activity are exemplified by the fact that individuals receiving inactivated--virus vaccines against SARS--CoV--2 are devoid of injuries and deaths resulting from myocarditis and thrombosis (56).…”

“…The significantly increased mechanistic risk incurred by populations of elite strength, power and endurance athletes upon vaccination with SARS--CoV--2 nucleotide vaccines provides a stark contrast to the impressively benign risk: reward ratio afforded to populations of elite athletes by inactivated--virus vaccines (37,39,47,56,100,135). The desirable risk profile of inactivated--virus SARS--CoV--2 vaccines in populations, such as elite athletes, with highly competent protein synthetic apparatus, expanded skeletal muscle capillary networks and high levels of physical activity are exemplified by the fact that individuals receiving inactivated--virus vaccines against SARS--CoV--2 are devoid of injuries and deaths resulting from myocarditis and thrombosis (56). Inactivated--virus vaccines against SARS--CoV--2 provide highly immunocompetent populations, such as elite athletes, with a robust immune response against the comprehensive landscape of SARS--CoV--2 antigenic epitopes, while imposing no additional mechanistic risks of adverse outcomes relative to the general population.…”