In vivo toxicity studies on gall extracts of Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz. (combretaceae)

Abstract

The galls of Terminala chebula (Gaertn.) Retz. (Combretaceae) are used for the treatment of various diseases in folk medicine and has been found to posses anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-helmintic, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-aging activities. Considering the ethano-botanical and diverse pharmacological applications of galls of T. chebula, in this study, we investigate the possible toxic effects of different gall extracts of T. chebula by Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) toxicity assay. The cytotoxicity test of leaf gall extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous) of T. chebula was evaluated by Brine shrimp (A. salina) toxicity assay, which is based on the ability to kill laboratory cultured Artemia nauplii (animals eggs) and also total content of polyphenols, flavonoids with other qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extract were determined. It was observed that the petroleum ether extract was virtually nontoxic on the shrimps, and exhibited very low toxicity with LC50 value of 4356.76 μg/ml. Furthermore, the chloroform extract exhibited very low toxicity, giving LC50 value of 1462.2 μg/ml. On the other hand, the ethanol extract was very toxic to brine shrimps with LC50 value of 68.64 μg/ml. The ethanol extract had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content of 136 ± 1.5 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g d.w and 113 ± 1.6 mg of quercetin equivalent/g d.w, respectively. The higher toxicity effect was positively correlated to the high content of total polyphenols/flavonoids in the extract. This significant lethality of different extracts to brine shrimp is an indicative of the presence of potent cytotoxic components which warrants further investigation.SUMMARY The present study investigates the toxicity effect of different extracts of galls of T. chebulla, which would serve as an index for formulation of drugs for treatment of various diseases. Presumably, these activities could be attributed in part to the polyphenolic features of the extract, as there was a strong correlation of higher toxic effect with that of high total phenolic and flavonoids content in the ethanolic leaf gall extracts of T. chebula.

Lipoxygenase Inhibition by Plant Extracts

“…Ethyl acetate and dichloromethane extract were the most active and showed inhibition against LOX of 75.0% and 71.6% at a concentration of 50 µg/mL, respectively. [70]. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 560.0, 673.0, 726.0, and 847.0 µg/mL for ethanol, water, chloroform, and petroleum ether, respectively.…”

Biological Activities and Chemical Composition of Santolina africana Jord. et Fourr. Aerial Part Essential Oil from Algeria: Occurrence of Polyacetylene Derivatives

“…The anti-inflammatory capacity of S. africana essential oil (collective sample Fesdis F1–6) was evaluated by in vitro lipoxygenase inhibition assay [56,57,58]. The in vitro analysis for lipoxygenase inhibitory activity was performed using Lipoxidase type I–B (Lipoxygenase, LOX, EC 1.13.11.12) from Glycine max (soybean) purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chimie (Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France).…”

“…It was determined by kinetic mode of spectrophotometric determination method, which was performed by recording the rate of change in absorbance at 234 nm. Indeed, the increase of absorbance at 234 nm due to formation of 13-hydroperoxides of linoleic acid (substrate used for LOX inhibition activity assay) [56,57,58].…”

In-vitro Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Potentials of Methanol Extract of Uvaria chamae (Bush Banana) Leaves

“…The in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Uveria chamae methanolic leaf extract was investigated by the assessment of albumin denaturation inhibition, membrane stabilization and anti-proteinase activity as reported by. 30,31 Data Analysis: Statistical analysis was performed on all the data. When comparing treatment groups, one-way ANOVA was used to test for differences in the values, which were presented as Mean ± Standard deviation.…”