In Vivo Survival of Enterococcus faecalis IS Enhanced by Extracellular Superoxide Production

Huycke, Mark M.; Gilmore, Michael S.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1825-3_184

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Most E. faecalis and some E. faecium strains generate substantial extracellular superoxide, with significantly greater production by invasive strains than by commensal isolates. Superoxide production was observed to enhance in vivo survival of E. faecalis in mixed infection with Bacteroides fragilis in a subcutaneous infection model (52).…”

Section: Extracellular Superoxidementioning

confidence: 97%

“…Am., abstr. 52,1997). This microbiologic shift is likely to be explained in part by the emergence of VRE, in particular, the predominance of the species E. faecium among this subset of enterococcal isolates.…”

Section: Shifting Spectrum Of Enterococcal Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Extracellular superoxide production is another trait associated with enterococcal virulence in bacteremia (51,52,97) and appears to vary among isolates. Most E. faecalis and some E. faecium strains generate substantial extracellular superoxide, with significantly greater production by invasive strains than by commensal isolates.…”

Section: Extracellular Superoxidementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Relationships between Enterococcal Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance

Mundy¹,

Sahm²,

Gilmore³

2000

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

293

217

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Section: Extracellular Superoxidementioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Shifting Spectrum Of Enterococcal Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Extracellular Superoxidementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Relationships between Enterococcal Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance

Mundy¹,

Sahm²,

Gilmore³

2000

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

293

217

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“…Huycke has shown in several studies that superoxide production by E. faecalis is tied to virulence and that this reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is linked with carcinogenesis in vivo (27)(28)(29)61). Since SDMH enzymes contain several redox active cofactors and most of the enzymes in biology that produce superoxide contain a flavin cofactor, we determined the levels of extracellular hydrogen peroxide in culture medium after growth in TSBG with and without selenium.…”

Section: Vol 193 2011 Sdmh Contributes To Biofilm Formation In E Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Selenium-Dependent Xanthine Dehydrogenase Triggers Biofilm Proliferation inEnterococcus faecalisthrough Oxidant Production

et al. 2011

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Selenium has been shown to be present as a labile cofactor in a small class of molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes in several species of clostridia that specialize in the fermentation of purines and pyrimidines. This labile cofactor is poorly understood, yet recent bioinformatic studies have suggested that Enterococcus faecalis could serve as a model system to better understand the way in which this enzyme cofactor is built and the role of these metalloenzymes in the physiology of the organism. An mRNA that encodes a predicted seleniumdependent molybdenum hydroxylase (SDMH) has also been shown to be specifically increased during the transition from planktonic growth to biofilm growth. Based on these studies, we examined whether this organism produces an SDMH and probed whether selenoproteins may play a role in biofilm physiology. We observed a substantial increase in biofilm density upon the addition of uric acid to cells grown in a defined culture medium, but only when molybdate (Mo) and selenite (Se) were also added. We also observed a significant increase in biofilm density in cells cultured in tryptic soy broth with 1% glucose (TSBG) when selenite was added. In-frame deletion of selD, which encodes selenophosphate synthetase, also blocked biofilm formation that occurred upon addition of selenium. Moreover, mutation in the gene encoding the molybdoenzyme (xdh) prevented the induction of biofilm proliferation upon supplementation with selenium. Tungstate or auranofin addition also blocked this enhanced biofilm density, likely through inhibition of molybdenum or selenium cofactor synthesis. A large protein complex labeled with 75 Se is present in higher concentrations in biofilms than in planktonic cells, and the same complex is formed in TSBG. Xanthine dehydrogenase activity correlates with the presence of this labile selenoprotein complex and is absent in a selD or an xdh mutant. Enhanced biofilm density correlates strongly with higher levels of extracellular peroxide, which is produced upon the addition of selenite to TSBG. Peroxide levels are not increased in either the selD or the xdh mutant upon addition of selenite. Extracellular superoxide production, a phenomenon well established to be linked to clinical isolates, is abolished in both mutant strains. Taken together, these data provide evidence that an SDMH is involved in biofilm formation in Enterococcus faecalis, contributing to oxidant production either directly or alternatively through its involvement in redox-dependent processes linked to oxidant production.

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“…Although knowledge on the pathogenic factors of E. faecalis is still limited, several virulence molecules associated preferentially with infection-derived E. faecalis strains have been described; these include cytolysin (16,25,26), aggregation substance (7,28,35), extracellular superoxide (22,23), surface carbohydrates (17,24), and surface proteins, such as Ace (34), EfaA (30), and Esp (43). Among these molecular species, Esp is the only one whose role in virulence has not been defined.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Enterococcal Surface Protein, Esp, Is Involved in Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Formation

Toledo‐Arana

Valle

Solano

et al. 2001

Appl Environ Microbiol

529

420

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The enterococcal surface protein, Esp, is a high-molecular-weight surface protein of unknown function whose frequency is significantly increased among infection-derived Enterococcus faecalis isolates. In this work, a global structural similarity was found between Bap, a biofilm-associated protein of Staphylococcus aureus, and Esp. Analysis of the relationship between the presence of the Esp-encoding gene (esp) and the biofilm formation capacity in E. faecalis demonstrated that the presence of the esp gene is highly associated (P < 0.0001) with the capacity of E. faecalis to form a biofilm on a polystyrene surface, since 93.5% of the E. faecalis esp-positive isolates were capable of forming a biofilm. Moreover, none of the E. faecalis esp-deficient isolates were biofilm producers. Depending on the E. faecalis isolate, insertional mutagenesis of esp caused either a complete loss of the biofilm formation phenotype or no apparent phenotypic defect. Complementation studies revealed that Esp expression in an E. faecalis esp-deficient strain promoted primary attachment and biofilm formation on polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride plastic from urine collection bags. Together, these results demonstrate that (i) biofilm formation capacity is widespread among clinical E. faecalis isolates, (ii) the biofilm formation capacity is restricted to the E. faecalis strains harboring esp, and (iii) Esp promotes primary attachment and biofilm formation of E. faecalis on abiotic surfaces.

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In Vivo Survival of Enterococcus faecalis IS Enhanced by Extracellular Superoxide Production

Cited by 17 publications

References 8 publications

Relationships between Enterococcal Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance

Relationships between Enterococcal Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance

A Selenium-Dependent Xanthine Dehydrogenase Triggers Biofilm Proliferation inEnterococcus faecalisthrough Oxidant Production

The Enterococcal Surface Protein, Esp, Is Involved in Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Formation

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