“…Thus, the Zn extracts from all the three experimental groups may be considered to be non-toxic (i.e., 75-99% viability; cytotoxicity grade 1). Although a higher porosity normally increases permeability, thereby resulting in greater ion release into extracts, 20,40 the outcome of our study did not indicate such differences between the three experimental groups. However, while our cytocompatibility testing regime was in line with current ISO 10993 recommendations, 60 even our longest immersion time might have been too short to fully appreciate such increases in ion release, which may require weeks to occur.…”
Section: Cytocompatibilitycontrasting
confidence: 65%
“…Finally, similar to Mg but unlike Fe, the biodegradation products of Zn are biocompatible. 20 A few research groups, including ours, have recently been successful in directly printing AM porous Zn. [21][22][23] In a previous study, we assessed the biodegradation behavior, mechanical properties, and cytocompatibility of an AM porous Zn biomaterial with a regular and uniform porous structure.…”
“…Thus, the Zn extracts from all the three experimental groups may be considered to be non-toxic (i.e., 75-99% viability; cytotoxicity grade 1). Although a higher porosity normally increases permeability, thereby resulting in greater ion release into extracts, 20,40 the outcome of our study did not indicate such differences between the three experimental groups. However, while our cytocompatibility testing regime was in line with current ISO 10993 recommendations, 60 even our longest immersion time might have been too short to fully appreciate such increases in ion release, which may require weeks to occur.…”
Section: Cytocompatibilitycontrasting
confidence: 65%
“…Finally, similar to Mg but unlike Fe, the biodegradation products of Zn are biocompatible. 20 A few research groups, including ours, have recently been successful in directly printing AM porous Zn. [21][22][23] In a previous study, we assessed the biodegradation behavior, mechanical properties, and cytocompatibility of an AM porous Zn biomaterial with a regular and uniform porous structure.…”
“…In contrast, a relatively thin green fluorescence showed that the S. gordonii chains consisted of less viable and nonviable bacteria on the Zn-Ag-Au-V surfaces, indicating that initial S. gordonii colonization and biofilm formation were inhibited. Recently, Zn-based alloys have been demonstrated to be promising materials for craniomaxillofacial osteosynthesis implants [5,51]. An intraoral approach is the main access for maxillofacial surgery, and probably increases the risk of infection caused by oral bacteria.…”
Section: Antibacterial Evaluationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, the cathodic reaction was accompanied by a local increase in pH (OHrelease). An in vitro antibacterial test of Mg alloy demonstrated that an alkaline shift in pH was a Recently, Zn-based alloys have been demonstrated to be promising materials for craniomaxillofacial osteosynthesis implants [5,51]. An intraoral approach is the main access for maxillofacial surgery, and probably increases the risk of infection caused by oral bacteria.…”
Zinc (Zn) and Zn-based alloys have been proposed as a new generation of absorbable metals mainly owing to the moderate degradation behavior of zinc between magnesium and iron. Nonetheless, mechanical strength of pure Zn is relatively poor, making it insufficient for the majority of clinical applications. In this study, a novel Zn–2Ag–1.8Au–0.2V (wt.%) alloy (Zn–Ag–Au–V) was fabricated and investigated for use as a potential absorbable biocompatible material. Microstructural characterization indicated an effective grain-refining effect on the Zn alloy after a thermomechanical treatment. Compared to pure Zn, the Zn–Ag–Au–V alloy showed significantly enhanced mechanical properties, with a yield strength of 168 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 233 MPa, and an elongation of 17%. Immersion test indicated that the degradation rate of the Zn–Ag–Au–V alloy in Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline was approximately 7.34 ± 0.64 μm/year, thus being slightly lower than that of pure Zn. Biocompatibility tests with L929 and Saos-2 cells showed a moderate cytotoxicity, alloy extracts at 16.7%, and 10% concentration did not affect metabolic activity and cell proliferation. Plaque formation in vitro was reduced, the Zn–Ag–Au–V surface inhibited adhesion and biofilm formation by the early oral colonizer Streptococcus gordonii, indicating antibacterial properties of the alloy.
Biodegradable metals (BMs) gradually degrade
in vivo
by releasing corrosion products once exposed to the physiological environment in the body. Complete dissolution of biodegradable implants assists tissue healing, with no implant residues in the surrounding tissues. In recent years, three classes of BMs have been extensively investigated, including magnesium (Mg)-based, iron (Fe)-based, and zinc (Zn)-based BMs. Among these three BMs, Mg-based materials have undergone the most clinical trials. However, Mg-based BMs generally exhibit faster degradation rates, which may not match the healing periods for bone tissue, whereas Fe-based BMs exhibit slower and less complete
in vivo
degradation. Zn-based BMs are now considered a new class of BMs due to their intermediate degradation rates, which fall between those of Mg-based BMs and Fe-based BMs, thus requiring extensive research to validate their suitability for biomedical applications. In the present study, recent research and development on Zn-based BMs are reviewed in conjunction with discussion of their advantages and limitations in relation to existing BMs. The underlying roles of alloy composition, microstructure, and processing technique on the mechanical and corrosion properties of Zn-based BMs are also discussed.
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