“…New vectors and improvements in vector design, that is, lentivirus, foamy virus, and in vitro-packaged SV40 vectors, [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] and envelope proteins, 10,27,38-47 use of the CH-296 domain of fibronectin in transduction, [48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] improved cytokine combinations, 52,[56][57][58][59] and changes in transduction methodology, that is, spinoculation and vector preloading, 43,51,56,[59][60][61][62][63][64][65] have improved gene transfer efficiency. 66,67 Improvement in gene transfer technology and the survival advantage of transduced HSCs resulted in the success of HSC gene therapy in patients with X-linked severe combined immune deficiency (X-SCID). However, retrovirus integration in three X-SCID patients was associated with the development of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL).…”