In vivo Measurements of the Loading Conditions on the Tibia of the Goat

Roszek, B; Weinans, Harrie; Loon, Pieter Van; Huiskes, R.

doi:10.1159/000147444

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Such relationships can be based on a beam model for stresses perpendicular to the cross-section [71], but analysis of torsional and shear forces in non-circular cross-sections requires a finite element analysis [31]. Alternatively, a multivariate regression model based on a post-mortem calibration can be used [70]. Multiple strain gauge techniques are extremely invasive and therefore hardly applicable to humans.…”

Section: Bone and Joint Forcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and Simulation of Mechanical Loads on the Human Musculoskeletal System

Aj¹

1994

Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews

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Section: Bone and Joint Forcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and Simulation of Mechanical Loads on the Human Musculoskeletal System

Aj¹

1994

Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews

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“…The distal part was fixed in acrylic cement and attached to the table of an MTS loading machine. A coordinate system was defined relative to the geometry of the tibia in a reproducible procedure (Roszek et al, 1993), with the origin located at the intercondylar fossa, the z-axis in the axial direction and the x-axis parallel to the medial anterior rim of 1). Calibration measurements were the tibia plateau (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstruction of bone loading conditions from in vivo strain measurements

Weinans

Blankevoort

1995

Journal of Biomechanics

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Abstract-A method is described whereby bone loading conditions can be reconstructed from in vivo strain measurements. The method uses ex vivo calibration measurements to find the relationship between the strain data and the loads applied to the bone. Using singular value decomposition, a transformation matrix is determined which provides the best linear relationship available between the measured strain data and the measured loading components in the calibration measurements. The transformation matrix can then be used to calculate the loads which correspond best with any given strain data set made with that specific bone and strain gages. In this manner, the applied loads of earlier performed in vivo strain measurements can be reconstructed. The method was tested for the reconstruction of the loads on a tibia of a goat. After determining the transformation matrix from a set of calibration measurements, the transformation matrix was used to reconstruct all loading components (three forces and three moments) of a set of test measurements whereby the applied loads were measured. It was found that the axial force and the torsional moment on the bone could be reproduced very accurately, showing a root mean square error (RMSE) of only 2% of the maximal load in the test. The reconstruction of the bending moments was slightly worse, showing a RMSE of 5-8% of the maximal moments. The reconstruction of the transverse force components proved less accurate and a RMSE up to 24% of the maximum was found. Accuracy can be improved by using weight factors for the loading conditions and a more accurate measurement of the location of the loads during the calibration measurements. (Carter et al., 1981b). A disadvantage of this method is that the material properties and geometry of the bone as well as the direction of the strains must be deter mined accurately for the load reconstruction. Even cortical bone anisotropy must be accounted for (Carter, 1978). When these input data are not precise, the loading components as determined by this method become inaccurate. A more comprehensive method was introduced by Carter et a l (1981a), using a calibration method for the reconstruction of the axial force and bending moments in a long bone. However, this calibration method has similar disadvantage

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“…Strain on the surface of long bones of sheep, horses and goats is small but large enough to be recorded [28][29][30], These structures undergo both bending and torsion during normal use. Because linear single strain gauges do not record torsional strain components, multi-layered stacked rosette strain gauges should be used in biomechanical applications.…”

Section: Measurement Anti Analysis O F Bone Strainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, bone strain measurements are quite useful to monitor changes in limb loading due to certain interfer ences [33]. Roszek et al [30] presented an elegant tech nique to quantify the loading forces on a bone from a post mortem calibration using multiple strain gauges and known bending and torsional loading forces.…”

Section: Measurement Anti Analysis O F Bone Strainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement Techniques in Animal Locomotion Analysis

Schamhardt¹,

Bogert²,

Hartman³

1993

Cells Tissues Organs

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Animal performance can be determined by subjective observations or objective measurements. Numerical data are only then superior to results of subjective observations when they are the result of measurements carried out to test a well-defined hypothesis or to give the answer to a clear, precisely formulated question. In the analysis of kinematics a careful evaluation of the set-up of the measurement equipment and the resulting accuracy in the data is required. Measurements in three dimensions (3D) are theoretically better than those in 2D. Practically, however, collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of 3D data are so much more complicated that frequently 2D analysis appears to be more useful. The minimal size of markers necessary to obtain a certain accuracy in kinematic data is usually too big for practical use. Smaller markers impair accuracy. Reduction of measurement noise is obligatory when time derivatives are to be calculated. Skin movement artefacts cannot be removed by data smoothing. Forces occurring between the digits and the ground can be determined using a force plate or an instrumented shoe. A force plate is accurate, but repeated trials are necessary. Using a force shoe each ground contact results in useful data. However, the shoe itself may affect locomotion. Surface strains on long bones can be recorded relatively easily. Determination of loading forces from surface strains is complicated but can be carried out using multiple strain gauges and a post-mortem calibration test. Strain in tendons is difficult to measure due to problems in defining a ‘zero’ or reference length. Tendon forces can either be calculated from signals of parallel, compliant transducers or estimated by application of tendon buckles or wedge-shaped implantable transducers. In both cases a calibration procedure is required to convert transducer signals to tendon forces.

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In vivo Measurements of the Loading Conditions on the Tibia of the Goat

Cited by 8 publications

References 3 publications

Analysis and Simulation of Mechanical Loads on the Human Musculoskeletal System

Analysis and Simulation of Mechanical Loads on the Human Musculoskeletal System

Reconstruction of bone loading conditions from in vivo strain measurements

Measurement Techniques in Animal Locomotion Analysis

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