In Vivo Measurement of Human Achilles Tendon Morphology Using Freehand 3-D Ultrasound

Obst, Steven; Newsham-West, Richard; Barrett, Rod

doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.08.009

Cited by 56 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Our freehand 3DUS system consisted of a conventional ultrasound machine (SonixTouch, Ultrasonix, Richmond, BC, Canada) and a five-camera optical tracking system (V100:R2, Tracking Tools v 2.5.2, NaturalPoint, Corvallis, OR, USA) that enabled synchronous recording of 2D brightnessmode (B-mode) ultrasound images with 3D position and orientation of the transducer determined from four reflective markers rigidly affixed to the probe (see Obst et al, 2014a). Prior to data acquisition, the relationship between the image coordinate system and the marker coordinate system was determined using a single wall phantom calibration procedure (Prager et al, 1998).…”

Section: Dus Measurement Of Achilles Free Tendon Mechanical and Morpmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All 3DUS calibration, acquisition and image segmentation procedures were performed using the Stradwin software package (Stradwin 4.7 1 , Cambridge University, UK; http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/∼rwp/stradwin/). Previous work has established the accuracy and repeatability of freehand 3DUS for in vivo measurement of human muscle morphology (length and volume) at rest (Barber et al, 2009) and Achilles free tendon morphology (length, volume, CSA, AP diameter and ML diameter) under passive and active loading conditions (Lichtwark et al, 2013;Obst et al, 2014aObst et al, ,b, 2015.…”

Section: Dus Measurement Of Achilles Free Tendon Mechanical and Morpmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three-dimensional morphology and strain of the Achilles free tendon immediately following eccentric heel drop exercise

Obst

Newsham-West

Barrett

2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Our understanding of the immediate effects of exercise on Achilles free tendon transverse morphology is limited to single site measurements acquired at rest using 2D ultrasound. The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed 3D description of changes in Achilles free tendon morphology immediately following a single clinical bout of exercise. Freehand 3D ultrasound was used to measure Achilles free tendon length, and regional cross-sectional area (CSA), medio-lateral (ML) diameter and antero-posterior (AP) diameter in healthy young adults (N=14) at rest and during isometric muscle contraction, immediately before and after 3×15 eccentric heel drops. Post-exercise reductions in transverse strain were limited to CSA and AP diameter in the midproximal region of the Achilles free tendon during muscle contraction. The change in CSA strain during muscle contraction was significantly correlated to the change in longitudinal strain (r=−0.72) and the change in AP diameter strain (r=0.64). Overall findings suggest the Achilles free tendon experiences a complex change in 3D morphology following eccentric heel drop exercise that manifests under contractile but not rest conditions, is most pronounced in the mid-proximal tendon and is primarily driven by changes in AP diameter strain and not ML diameter strain.

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Section: Dus Measurement Of Achilles Free Tendon Mechanical and Morpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dus Measurement Of Achilles Free Tendon Mechanical and Morpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional morphology and strain of the Achilles free tendon immediately following eccentric heel drop exercise

Obst

Newsham-West

Barrett

2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…A few studies have also investigated the Poisson's ratio of tendons, both experimentally [2,[14][15][16][17][18][19] and numerically [20,21]. The Poisson's ratio [22] is a fundamental material property in its own accord and describes the change in size of a system in a direction perpendicular to an applied stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here it must be noted that unlike stiffness, the Poisson's ratio is a two-dimensional property and in anisotropic materials, its sign and magnitude may depend not only on the direction of stretching, but also on the orthogonal direction being measured. Unfortunately, in view of the complexity associated with studying the Poisson's ratios, studies reporting this property in tendons have been limited in number [2,[14][15][16][17][18][19], and normally make various assumptions, which may have resulted in incomplete reporting of the Poisson's ratio. For example, in most ex vivo studies on the Poisson's ratios of tendons it had been assumed that the tendon exhibits transverse isotropy, with reported values typically ranging between 0.4 and 4.3 [2,[14][15][16][17] when the Poisson's ratio is measured in the elastic region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Negative Poisson’s ratios in tendons: An unexpected mechanical response

et al. 2015

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We report that human tendons including the Achilles tendons exhibits the very unusual mechanical property of a negative Poisson's ratio (auxetic) meaning that they get fatter rather than thinner when stretched. This report is backed by in vivo and ex vivo experiments we performed which clearly confirm auxeticity in this living material for strains which correspond to those experienced during most normal everyday activities. We also show that this property is not limited to the human Achilles tendon, as it was also found in tendons taken from sheep and pigs. This new information about tendons can form the scientific basis for a test for tendon health as well as enable the design of better tendon prosthesis which could replace damaged tendons.

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“…In order to define stress and strain in the Achilles tendon and acquire information about its loading during motion, mathematical models have been developed and experiments using the methods of ultrasound and motion capture have been used to directly measure tendon length changes during dynamic movements [6,7,[11][12][13]. Yet, there is vast agreement between all authors that it is a very challenging task to model the Achilles tendon correctly due to the difficulties bestowed when representing its structure, material properties, kinetics and mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mathematical model characterising Achilles tendon dynamics in flexion

Chatzistefani

Chappell

Hutchinson

et al. 2017

Mathematical Biosciences

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Abstract:The purpose of this study is to acquire mechanistic knowledge of the gastrocnemius muscleAchilles tendon complex behaviour during specific movements in humans through mathematical modelling. Analysis of this muscle-tendon complex was performed to see if already existing muscle-tendon models of other parts of the body could be applied to the leg muscles, especially the gastrocnemius muscleAchilles tendon complex, and whether they could adequately characterise its behaviour. Five healthy volunteers were asked to take part in experiments where dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot were studied. A model of the Achilles tendon-gastrocnemius muscle was developed, incorporating assumptions regarding the mechanical properties of the muscle fibres and the tendinous tissue in series. Ultrasound images of the volunteers, direct measurements and additional mathematical calculations were used to parameterise the model. Ground reaction forces, forces on specific joints and moments and angles for the ankle were obtained from a Vicon 3D motion capture system. Model validation was performed from the experimental data captured for each volunteer and from reconstruction of the movements of specific trajectories of the joints, muscles and tendons involved in those movements.

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In Vivo Measurement of Human Achilles Tendon Morphology Using Freehand 3-D Ultrasound

Cited by 56 publications

References 44 publications

Three-dimensional morphology and strain of the Achilles free tendon immediately following eccentric heel drop exercise

Three-dimensional morphology and strain of the Achilles free tendon immediately following eccentric heel drop exercise

Negative Poisson’s ratios in tendons: An unexpected mechanical response

A mathematical model characterising Achilles tendon dynamics in flexion

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