In-Vivo Evaluation of the Suitability of By-Product-Derived Phosphate Feed Supplements for Use in the Circular Economy, Using Juvenile African Catfish as Model Species

Analysis of changes in nutrient salts and other water quality indexes in the pond water for largemouth bass (micropterus salmoides) farming

“…The main reasons for the increased phosphate concentrations in all three ponds were insufficient water exchange during the breeding period [ 19 ], overfeeding leading to the production of excess feed waste and fish excrement, which increased the phosphate levels in the water [ 20 ], failure to regularly clean the sediment at the bottom of the ponds at the end of each breeding cycle, which could cause an increase in phosphate levels in the pond water as the sediment decomposed [ 21 ], possible phosphorus pollution of water sources [ 22 ], and a lack of caution of farmers in selecting water treatment chemicals as some of these chemicals used to change water quality may contain phosphate components [ 23 ]. The last reason is less likely to have an impact.…”