In vivo evaluation of the levator ani muscle in primiparous women using diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tractography

Abstract

Objective To characterize the levator ani muscle (LAM) injury after first vaginal delivery and investigate the clinical application of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and fiber tractography in evaluating the LAM. Methods Fifty‐eight primiparous women at 6 weeks after vaginal delivery and 27 nulliparous women as controls underwent T2‐weighted sequence and DTI sequence of the pelvic floor. A LAM scoring system was used to characterize the morphological changes. Fiber tractography of each major subdivision of LAM was performed, followed by assessment of the quality of fiber tracking. Fractional anisotropy (FA), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fiber volume, and length were calculated. Results Puborectalis and iliococcygeus injuries were observed in 30/58 (51.7%) and 10/58 (17.2%) primiparae, respectively. No LAM defects were identified in the control group. For the puborectalis, the FA values were lower (P = 0.010) and ADC values were higher (P = 0.024) in the primiparous group than in the control group. For the iliococcygeus, the fiber volume values were lower in the primiparous group than in the control group (P = 0.004). Conclusion Vaginal delivery can result in LAM injury at the puborectalis. DTI parameters can assist in the quantitative diagnosis of the LAM injury.

Longitudinal changes in pelvic organ support among primiparas with postpartum pelvic organ prolapse: A follow‐up magnetic resonance imaging study

“…All primiparas were asked to empty their bladder 1 h and drink 200 mL to 300 mL of water 30 min later before the examination to maintain optimal bladder filling. No gel was used in the vagina or rectum 15 . The same physician trained all of the included primiparas in performing the Valsalva maneuver before the MRI examination until they understood the essentials of the maneuver.…”

“…No gel was used in the vagina or rectum. 15 The same physician trained all of the included primiparas in performing the Valsalva maneuver before the MRI examination F I G U R E 1 Flowchart. MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PCL, pubococcygeal line; POP, pelvic organ prolapse.…”

Magnetic resonance imaging techniques for the quantitative analysis of skeletal muscle: State of the art

“…Obviously, interpretation of results must consider that fiber tractography is not a real representation of muscle structure but a computational estimation. Applications of tractography in muscles are still rare [ [108] , [109] , [110] , [111] , [112] ]. However, 3D fiber tractography used in trunk or leg muscles may have great potential in assessing the risk of falls and related fractures.…”