In vivo dynamics of an immune response in the bumble bee Bombus terrestris

Korner, Pius; Schmid‐Hempel, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2004.07.004

Cited by 110 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…This concentration is in the same magnitude as that previously calculated via the same methods for use in a PO activity assay of Tenebrio molitor (optimal found to be 4 mg mL −1 , Moret and Siva-Jothy, 2003), and used in assays of bumble bees (Korner and Schmid-Hempel, 2004) and honey bees (Schmid et al, 2008). It is not known why we were unable to produce the concentrations of 10 mM reported in Sinsabaugh et al (1991), although it is possible that heating may have aided dissolution in this case.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Commonly, laminarin, LPS and α-chymotrypsin are used as artificial ProPO activators, but all have exhibited varying degrees of success in different study systems (Brookman et al, 1989;Thompson, 2002;Korner and Schmid-Hempel, 2004;Frassens et al, 2008). To assess which activator works best for honey bees, 12 workers were perfuse bled as standard (samples were used individually, not pooled).…”

Section: Propo Activatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Commonly, laminarin, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and α-chymotrypsin are used as artificial ProPO activators, but have varying levels of success in different insects (Brookman et al, 1989;Thompson, 2002;Korner and Schmid-Hempel, 2004;Eleftherianos et al, 2006). Laminarin (a storage polysaccharide of brown algae, made up of 1,3-glucans) activates ProPO in the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, and induces nodule formation in the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria (Thompson, 2002;Mullen and Goldsworthy, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A standardised protocol for measuring phenoloxidase and prophenoloxidase in the honey bee, Apis mellifera

Laughton¹,

Siva‐Jothy²

2011

Apidologie

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-The prophenoloxidase activating system (ProPO-AS) is an integral part of the constitutive innate immune response in insects, the products of which are commonly assayed to assess an individual's ability to respond to immune challenges. However, there is considerable variation in the methodologies associated with these assays, and as such, it is not always clear how to interpret results. We have optimised assays for measuring phenoloxidase in its active (PO) and zymogen (ProPO) forms in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Contrary to results for other insects, we found that the activator α-chymotrypsin, when used at a low concentration (0.5 mg mL −1 ), combined with a minimal activation time (5 min), provided optimal conditions for assaying ProPO. In addition, a saturated L-dopa solution was required for assaying both PO and ProPO. The results highlight the importance of defining the working parameters of each assay to be species-specific. honey bee / Apis mellifera / phenoloxidase / innate immunity / activator INTRODUCTIONThe innate immune system of insects consists of two broad categories of effectors: constitutive and induced (Schmid-Hempel, 2005). Constitutive responses generally comprise the humoral prophenoloxidase activating system (ProPO-AS) and cellular responses including coagulation, phagocytosis, nodule formation and encapsulation (Gillespie et al., 1997).Whilst not maintained at a constant maximum, constitutive immune responses are always present Cerenius et al., 2008), are non-specific but immediate in effect, and are responsible for clearing most of a microbial challenge very rapidly after infection (Haine et al., 2008). By contrast the induced responses, such as antimicrobial pepCorresponding author: A.M. Laughton, alice.laughton@emory.edu * Manuscript editor: Bernd Grünewald tides, occur only once the invading pathogen has been recognised. They are specific and take longer to produce, but are longer lasting in their effect (Boman and Hultmark, 1987).We concentrate on one important arm of the constitutive immune responses. The ProPO-AS is a series of complex interactions between enzymes and their zymogens, leading to the production the enzyme phenoloxidase (PO; monophenol, L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1). PO activity ultimately results in the formation of melanin, which is subsequently involved in cuticle sclerotisation, wound healing and cellular defence responses (Mason, 1955;Ratcliffe et al., 1984;Cerenius et al., 2008). Due to the cytotoxic nature of the by-products of this process, PO is commonly stored as its inactive precursor prophenoloxidase (ProPO), and activated as part of the cascade following the recognition of foreign compounds (Ratcliffe et al., 1984;Riley, 1988; Gillespie et al., 1997; Söderhäll and Apidologie (2011) 42:1 -1

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Propo Activatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A standardised protocol for measuring phenoloxidase and prophenoloxidase in the honey bee, Apis mellifera

Laughton¹,

Siva‐Jothy²

2011

Apidologie

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“…For example, it has been shown that inoculation with b-1,3-glucans, derived from fungal cell walls, increases the antibacterial response of Bombus terrestris to Arthrobacter globiformis. (38) Numerous other workers have also reported non-specific responses to a diverse array of putative PAMPs including yeast extracts, alginates, sulfated polysaccharides and so forth. (39)(40)(41)(42)(43) With respect to the Drosophila/Streptococcus system described above, no matter how intriguing the data are, this single case does not support a general theory of the evolution of specificity in innate immunity.…”

Section: Innate Specificitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive immunity in invertebrates: A straw house without a mechanistic foundation

2007

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SummaryRecently claims have been made for radical new insights in the field of invertebrate immunology that involve memory, specificity and/or maternal transfer of immunocompetence. For evidence these claims rely on phenomena, such as survival or reproductive capacity, observed at the level of the whole organism. The allure of these apparently revelatory hypotheses is that they are contrary to established views of innate immunity. They draw implicit analogy to adaptive responses in jawed vertebrates and the terminology used creates an incomplete and misleading picture. We argue that the case for adaptive immunity in invertebrates based only on such phenomena is weak and flawed, as it can only be upheld if supported by descriptions of the underlying mechanisms. We caution against a reliance on this approach as a means of advancing this field-highlighting, as an example, some negative commercial implications of adopting this approach.

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“…are found out in bees and wax moths (32). Some authors use Arthrobacter globiformis for testing the antibacterial peptides in the hemolymph of bees for evaluation of their immunity level (42,43).…”

Section: B Amyloliquefaciensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microorganisms in Vacuum Stored Flower Bee Pollen

Dinkov

2016

J Bacteriol Virol

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Contamination with sanitary microorganisms from Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Micrococcaceae and Bacillaceae families in flower bee pollen from Bulgaria after one-year vacuum-packed cold storage has been found. Dried flower bee pollens intended for human consumption were with high incidence rate of contamination with Pantoea sp. (P. agglomerans and P. agglomerans bgp6) (100%), Citrobacter freundii (47%), Proteus mirabilis (31.6%), Serratia odorifera (15.8%) and Proteus vulgaris (5.3%). Bee pollens were also positive for the culture of microorganisms from Staphylococcaceae, Micrococcaceae and Bacillaceae families: Staphylococcus hominis subsp hominis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Arthrobacter globiformis, Bacillus pumilis, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. It was concluded that, if consumed directly, the vacuum-packed cold stored dried bee pollen, harvested according hygienic requirements from bee hives in industrial pollution-free areas without intensive crop production, is not problem for healthy human.

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In vivo dynamics of an immune response in the bumble bee Bombus terrestris

Cited by 110 publications

References 36 publications

A standardised protocol for measuring phenoloxidase and prophenoloxidase in the honey bee, Apis mellifera

A standardised protocol for measuring phenoloxidase and prophenoloxidase in the honey bee, Apis mellifera

Adaptive immunity in invertebrates: A straw house without a mechanistic foundation

Microorganisms in Vacuum Stored Flower Bee Pollen

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