In vivo Biophysical Characterization of Skin Physiological Differences in Races

Berardesca, Enzo; Rigal, Jean de; Lévêque, Jean-Luc; Maibach, Howard I.

doi:10.1159/000247752

Cited by 153 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…Weigand et al [5] suggested a higher stratum corneum lipid content in black skin, whereas Hellemans et al [6] reported similar stratum corneum ceramide levels in Asians and Caucasians with lower levels in Africans. Similar inconsistencies were, among others, also found for the stratum corneum barrier function [7,8], the stratum corneum water content [4,9] and skin resistance to chemical irritation [10,11]. …”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Ethnic Differences in Skin Physiology, Hair Follicle Morphology and Follicular Penetration

Luther

Darvin²,

Sterry³

et al. 2012

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Background/Aims: Inconsistent evidence is available that different ethnic groups exhibit differences in skin physiological parameters. Recently, variations in hair follicle morphology have been described, although the influence of such variations on the follicular penetration process has not been investigated until now. Methods: The aim of the present study was thus to investigate skin physiological parameters, follicle morphology and the penetration process in different ethnic groups. Results and Conclusion: Whereas no significant differences with regard to skin physiological parameters could be observed, morphological analysis of the hair follicles revealed, inter alia, that Caucasians had significantly larger terminal hair follicles than Asians and Africans. The surface of the hair follicle infundibulum was shown to be 3% in Caucasians, 2.6% in Africans and 2.4% in Asians. The investigations into penetration revealed no significant differences after a 30-min penetration time, whereas after 24 h, the Asian volunteers presented significantly larger amounts of sodium fluorescein in the hair follicles and the stratum corneum, which may be explained by cultural habits.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Ethnic Differences in Skin Physiology, Hair Follicle Morphology and Follicular Penetration

Luther

Darvin²,

Sterry³

et al. 2012

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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“…Others have reported the opposite on larger numbers of individuals, e.g. Berardesca et al [41] reported no differences between subjects of Negroid, Caucasian and Hispanic descent. Sugino et al [40] reported that TEWL was greater in the order: Blacks > Caucasians > Hispanic > Asian.…”

Section: Stratum Corneum Barrier Functionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…This is consistent with a thicker stratum corneum for Negroids and a thinner stratum corneum for Asians. Berardesca et al [41,47], for instance, observed no racial differences in TEWL on either the volar or dorsal forearms. Skin surface temperature differences can contribute to the differences in TEWL.…”

Section: Stratum Corneum Barrier Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnic skin types: are there differences in skin structure and function?¹

Rawlings¹

2006

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

317

277

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SynopsisPeople of skin of colour comprise the majority of the world's population and Asian subjects comprise more than half of the total population of the earth. Even so, the literature on the characteristics of the subjects with skin of colour is limited. Several groups over the past decades have attempted to decipher the underlying differences in skin structure and function in different ethnic skin types. However, most of these studies have been of small scale and in some studies interindividual differences in skin quality overwhelm any racial differences. There has been a recent call for more studies to address genetic together with phenotypic differences among different racial groups and in this respect several large-scale studies have been conducted recently. The most obvious ethnic skin difference relates to skin colour which is dominated by the presence of melanin. The photoprotection derived from this polymer influences the rate of the skin aging changes between the different racial groups. However, all racial groups are eventually subjected to the photoaging process. Generally Caucasians have an earlier onset and greater skin wrinkling and sagging signs than other skin types and in general increased pigmentary problems are seen in skin of colour although one large study reported that East Asians living in the U.S.A. had the least pigment spots. Induction of a hyperpigmentary response is thought to be through signaling by the protease-activated receptor-2 which together with its activating protease is increased in the epidermis of subjects with skin of colour. Changes in skin biophysical properties with age demonstrate that the more darkly pigmented subjects retaining younger skin properties compared with the more lightly pigmented groups. However, despite having a more compact stratum corneum (SC) there are conflicting reports on barrier function in these subjects. Nevertheless, upon a chemical or mechanical challenge the SC barrier function is reported to be stronger in subjects with darker skin despite having the reported lowest ceramide levels. One has to remember that barrier function relates to the total architecture of the SC and not just its lipid levels. Asian skin is reported to possess a similar basal transepidermal water loss (TEWL) to Caucasian skin and similar ceramide levels but upon mechanical challenge it has the weakest barrier function. Differences in intercellular cohesion are obviously apparent. In contrast reduced SC natural moisturizing factor levels have been reported compared with Caucasian and African American skin. These differences will contribute to differences in desquamation but few data are available. One recent study has shown reduced epidermal Cathepsin L2 levels in darker skin types which if also occurs in the SC could contribute to the known skin ashing problems these subjects experience. In very general terms as the desquamatory enzymes are extruded with the lamellar granules subjects with lowered SC lipid levels are expected to have lowered desquamatory enzyme levels...

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“…Volar and dorsal forearms present a significant differences between all races. 15 These results are apparently contrast with TEWL recordings. Indeed, increased SC water content, correlates with a higher TEWL.…”

Section: Question 2: Do the Biophysical Properties Of Asian Skin Diffmentioning

confidence: 82%

Ethnic and Atopic Dermatitis: What Have We Learned in Asian Population?

Prakoeswa

2016

IJTID

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Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, with relapsing remitting course. Management of AD is challenging due to the complexities of this disease. Two hypotheses concerning the mechanism of AD have been proposed. One holds that the primary defect resides in an immunologic disturbance that causes Ig E-mediated sensitization, with epithelial barrier dysfunction regarded as a consequence of the local inflammation. The others propose that an intrinsic defect in the epithelial cells leads to the barrier dysfunction; the immunologic aspects is considered to be an epiphenomenon. Many studies support that AD is a complex trait which has interactions between genes and environmental factors contributing to disease manifestation, but the result of replicate association between genetic markers and AD is inconsistence. An important factor contributing to this inconsistency is related to population diversity. It is possible that certain genetic markers might contribute to increase the risk in certain ethnic population but not in others

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In vivo Biophysical Characterization of Skin Physiological Differences in Races

Cited by 153 publications

References 5 publications

Ethnic Differences in Skin Physiology, Hair Follicle Morphology and Follicular Penetration

Ethnic Differences in Skin Physiology, Hair Follicle Morphology and Follicular Penetration

Ethnic skin types: are there differences in skin structure and function?¹

Ethnic and Atopic Dermatitis: What Have We Learned in Asian Population?

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In vivo Biophysical Characterization of Skin Physiological Differences in Races

Cited by 153 publications

References 5 publications

Ethnic Differences in Skin Physiology, Hair Follicle Morphology and Follicular Penetration

Ethnic Differences in Skin Physiology, Hair Follicle Morphology and Follicular Penetration

Ethnic skin types: are there differences in skin structure and function?1

Ethnic and Atopic Dermatitis: What Have We Learned in Asian Population?

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Ethnic skin types: are there differences in skin structure and function?¹