In vivo behavior of biomicroconcretes based on α‐tricalcium phosphate and hybrid hydroxyapatite/chitosan granules and sodium alginate

Abstract

The current studies provide insights into how predictions based on results of physicochemical and in vitro tests are consistent with the results of in vivo studies. The new biomicroconcrete type materials were obtained by mixing the solid phase, composed of hybrid hydroxyapatite/chitosan granules and highly reactive α‐tricalcium phosphate powder, used as the setting agent. This approach guaranteed a good adhesion of the continuous cement phase to the surface of granules. It has been demonstrated that developed biomicroconcretes are surgically handy, possessed favorable physicochemical and biological properties and can be considered as effective bone implant material. The hierarchical porosity and compressive strength (2–6 MPa) similar to cancellous bone made them suitable for low‐load bearing applications. Despite the fact that final setting times of biomicroconcretes were longer than recommended in the literature (i.e., exceeded 15 min), their short cohesion time allows for a successful implantation in a rabbit femoral defect model. Histological analysis and Raman studies revealed newly formed bone tissues around the sides of implanted materials. Furthermore, the process of neovascularization and reconstruction of the bone tissue, as well as a reverse scaffolding process, was visible. No signs of inflammation or adverse tissue reactions were observed during the experiment.

Effect of Gold Nanoparticles and Silicon on the Bioactivity and Antibacterial Properties of Hydroxyapatite/Chitosan/Tricalcium Phosphate-Based Biomicroconcretes

“…The αTCP material showed a typical brittle behavior, whereas the biomicroconcretes presented rather a composite-type characteristic, where the granules suppressed or stopped crack propagation. The compressive strength of developed biomicroconcretes is lower in comparison with αTCP-based bone cements and biomicroconcretes studied in our previous research [ 7 , 8 , 38 ]. However, the obtained values fell within a range of values for the compressive strength of cancellous bone (2–12 MPa), and therefore may be sufficient for non-load bearing applications.…”

“…In particular, CPCs enriched with microbeads, granules, and microspheres have gained huge interest in recent years. Polymeric microbeads (e.g., alginate, hyaluronic acid, and PLGA—poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)) as well as hybrid or inorganic granules (e.g., bioglass and calcium sulfate dihydrate) were introduced into the CPCs matrix in order to obtain biomicroconcretes [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. The produced composites possessed some advantages such as an improved bioactivity, injectability, washout resistance, and mechanical properties [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”

Synthesis and Characterization of a Hydroxyapatite-Sodium Alginate-Chitosan Scaffold for Bone Regeneration

“…As shown in Figure 5, the release curve of the two different stents was not significantly different due to the uniform mixing of the VAN in the external stent. Furthermore, the released amount reached 80% on day 4, demonstrating that a higher concentration of VAN is maintained during early bone defect regeneration, inhibiting the growth of bacteria in the bone defect, and providing a bacteria-free environment during the early stages of bone regeneration (Zhou et al, 2018;Wei et al, 2019). In the early stage of drug release, due to the presence of the SA-CS block layer outside the slow-release microspheres inside the stent, the early release of VEGF was small.…”

“…When used with hydroxyapatite, they can promote tissue regeneration and play an important role in bone tissue engineering. However, in current research, these three mixtures are mostly made into hydrogels, bone cements, etc., which are used to promote tissue regeneration and drug delivery (Lima et al, 2020;Zima et al, 2020). The material synthesized by the above preparation method has the disadvantages of low strength, fast degradation rate, single drug-loaded, and so on (Zou et al, 2021).…”

“…Therefore, VAN can be loaded in the scaffold material to achieve a local slow-release of the antibiotic, which is beneficial to the entire osteogenic microenvironment and ultimately promotes bone tissue regeneration. Furthermore, studies have shown that the VAN-loaded scaffold ultimately leads to the formation of a better bone tissue structure (Zhou et al, 2018;Avani et al, 2019).…”