In vivo antiviral efficacy of moroxydine hydrochloride against grass carp reovirus and the drug safety assessment

Abstract

Our previous studies have verified that moroxydine hydrochloride (Mor) could inhibit replication of grass carp reovirus (GCRV) and suppress apoptosis of Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney cells, but be lack of information whether exists on antiviral activity in vivo. The paper was undertaken to explore the antiviral response of Mor against GCRV in grass carp and investigate the safety of drug for aquatic organisms. The results showed that injection treatment of Mor could more effectively inhibit GCRV replication than immersion administration. All the RNA systheses of vp3 and vp6 on day 7 in head kidney, gill, hepatopancreas and dorsal muscle in the Mor injection group were lesser than 0.07‐fold than that of in control group. And the GCRV‐inducing grass carp mortality was effectively controlled within 7 days post Mor injection therapy. Additionally, the reduction of superoxide dismutase activity, total antioxidant capacity and catalase activity in serum was effectively controlled by Mor. Moreover, drug safety assessment results showed that 500 mg/L of Mor was safe to C. idella, Bacillus subtilis, Chlorella vulgaris and Tetrahymena thermophila, which was far higher than the therapeutic concentration. The present study proved Mor as harmless formulations or products had potential value in the control of GCRV in aquaculture, with the advantage of super in vivo antiviral activity and environmental safety.

In Vitro Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Dry Algae Powders

“…This decrease suggests that C. vulgaris inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication since the estimated viral load consistently decreased over time. These results are in line with previous studies of animal viruses, such as grass carp reovirus and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 [29,36] where chlorella was shown to inhibit viral replication.…”

“…A similar observation was found when testing a raw extract of Chlorella peruviana, which showed antiviral activity by inhibiting the replication of dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2), in vero-76 cells [28]. In another study C. vulgaris polysaccharides presented antiviral activity against replication of grass carp reovirus (GCRV), in vitro and in vivo [29]. In terms of macroalgae, the species of Sargassum henslowianum and S. naozhouense have been reported to inhibit HSV-1 in vitro, by cytopathic effect inhibition and reduction of plaque assay respectively [30,31].…”

Compilation of antiviral treatments and strategies to fight fish viruses

“…Later, moroxydine hydrochloride was tested in vivo both by injection or bath treatment against GCRV in grass carp juveniles; although both methods significantly reduced the mortality caused by the virus, higher protection was achieved with the injection (Yu et al . 2020). However, moroxydine hydrochloride was unable to affect the replication of IHNV in EPC cells (Hu et al .…”

“…Yu et al examined the antiviral properties of the heterocyclic biguanidine moroxydine hydrochloride, which protected against GCRV in GCO cells (Yu et al 2016a) and CIK cells (Yu et al 2016b;Yu et al 2018). Later, moroxydine hydrochloride was tested in vivo both by injection or bath treatment against GCRV in grass carp juveniles; although both methods significantly reduced the mortality caused by the virus, higher protection was achieved with the injection (Yu et al 2020). However, moroxydine hydrochloride was unable to affect the replication of IHNV in EPC cells (Hu et al 2019a).…”

In vitro inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Infection by dry algae powders

“…A similar observation was found when testing a raw extract of Chlorella peruviana , which showed antiviral activity by inhibiting the replication of dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2), in Vero-76 cells 30 . In another study C. vulgaris polysaccharides presented antiviral activity against replication of grass carp reovirus (GCRV), in vitro and in vivo 31 . In terms of macroalgae, the species of Sargassum henslowianum and S. naozhouense have been reported to inhibit HSV-1 in vitro, by cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition and reduction of plaque assay respectively 32 , 33 .…”