In vivo and in vitro effectiveness of Azadirachta indica-synthesized silver nanocrystals against Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium falciparum, and their potential against malaria mosquitoes

Nanofabrication of Graphene Quantum Dots with High Toxicity Against Malaria Mosquitoes, Plasmodium falciparum and MCF-7 Cancer Cells: Impact on Predation of Non-target Tadpoles, Odonate Nymphs and Mosquito Fishes

“…Data from larvicidal and pupicidal experiments were analyzed by probit analysis, calculating LC 50 and LC 90 [58]. Similarly, concerning in vitro antiplasmodial assays, the GQDs and chloroquine concentrations causing 50 % inhibition of parasite growth (IC 50 ) were calculated from the drug concentration-response curves.…”

“…Exponentially growing MCF 7 cells (1 9 10 4 cells per mL) were seeded in 96-well plates in a final volume of 100 mL per well and treated with series (1-50 mg ml -1 ) of test samples (GQDs) in FCS free complete medium for 48 h. 100 mL of MTT (5 mg ml -1 ) were added to treated cells, and the plates were incubated at 37°C for 4 h. The supernatant was aspirated and 100 mL of DMSO was added to each well to dissolve the formosan crystals. Absorbance was measured at 620 nm using a 96-well microplate reader (Lambda 1050 Perkin Elmer) and the inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) was was calculated. The percentage of cell survival was calculated using the following formula: [41]:…”

“…Following the method by Rajakumar et al [49] and Murugan et al [50], male albino mice (weight: 27-30 g) were tested; the animal were fed ad libitum with standard mouse cubes (Barastoc) and clean drinking water. Animals were sexed and caged in groups of five.…”

“…For each bioassay, three albino mice were used to test the antimalarial potential of GQDs. Chloroquine-treated (Sigma-Aldrich) and untreated control groups of mice were tested separately as positive and negative controls [50]. The GQDs were orally administered to the test groups of mice infected by Plasmodium berghei at different dose levels, from 0 to 4 days.…”

“…The percentage of chemosuppression of the total parasitemia for each dose was calculated as:[(A-B/ A] 9 100 as described by Argotte et al [55], where A is the mean parasitemia in the untreated control group and B is the parasitemia in each experimental group. Animals from the treated and control groups were followed up until the end of the experiment (10 days after being infected), and the blood samples were taken from all the experimental animals to estimate parasitemia [50].…”