In Vivo and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Less Polar Fractions of Dasycladus vermicularis (Scopoli) Krasser 1898 and the Chemical Composition of Fractions and Macroalga Volatilome

Abstract

The present research is a comprehensive investigation of Dasycladus vermicularis (Scopoli) Krasser 1898 from the Adriatic Sea (Croatia) regarding volatilome–volatile organic compounds (VOCs, mostly nonpolar compounds) and less polar nonvolatile compounds for the first time. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and hydrodistillation (HD) were used showing the great volatilome variability among fresh (HS-FrDV and HD-FrDV) and dried (HS-DrDV and HD-DrDV) samples after GC–MS analysis. Aromatic aldehydes were dominant in both fresh and air-dried HS samples with benzaldehyde as the most abundant in fresh samples and decreasing 2.7–3.7 times after drying together with 2-phenylbut-2-enal that was not present after drying. Aliphatic compounds (unsaturated hydrocarbons in HS-FrDV; saturated hydrocarbons in HS-DrDV) were also present. C11-hydrocarbons (dictyopterpene C’ and dictyopterpene D’) were detected in HS-FrDV. (E)-Phytol was the most dominant compound in HD-FrDV and HD-DrDV. Diterpene alcohols (cembra-4,7,11,15-tetraen-3-ol and (Z)-falcarinol) and sesquiterpene alcohol, cubenol, were dominant in HD-FrDV, and their abundance decreased after drying. C13-norisoprenoides (α-ionone and β-ionone) increased after drying. Aliphatic compounds were present in both HD-FrDV and HD-DrDV samples. The less polar nonvolatile compounds in the obtained fractions F3 and F4 were analysed and identified by UHPLC-ESI(+)-HRMS. Identified compounds belonged to a group of pigments (7 compounds), fatty acid derivatives (13 compounds), as well as steroids and terpenes (10 compounds). Porphyrin-based compounds (C55H74N4O5–7), xanthophylls, sphingolipid compounds, fatty acid amides, and phytosterols represented the majority of identified compounds. By implementing both in vitro and in vivo assays for antioxidant activity determination, F3 showed a higher activity than F4. Inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for F3 and F4 were 498.00 ± 0.01 µg/mL and 798.00 ± 0.81 µg/mL, respectively, while a 1.5-fold reduction in the ROS level was observed after pre-treatment of zebrafish larvae with 45 µg/mL of F3.

Intra-Species Variations of Bioactive Compounds of Two Dictyota Species from the Adriatic Sea: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Dermatological, Dietary, and Neuroprotective Potential

“…When compared, F3 fractions contained fatty acid amides, namely erucamide and 9-octadecenamide, which could be associated with a negative impact on zebrafish embryonic development. Similar effects were observed in the recent studies on macroalgae Ericaria crinita , E. amentacea [ 32 ], and Dasycladus vermicularis [ 63 ]. Furthermore, the detected higher toxicity of the D. dichotoma F3 fraction in comparison to the D. fasciola F3 fraction could be ascribed to higher amounts of terpenoids detected by HPLC-HRMS.…”

“…Non-targeted analysis revealed several components that were most pronounced in D. fasciola F4, including pigment pheophytin b and ceramides known for their antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulatory properties [ 68 ]. Compared to the literature, the obtained IC 50 values for both samples were higher than IC 50 values of brown macroalga D. vermicularis F3 and F4 (8.0-fold higher for D. dichtoma F3, and 17.5- and 3.0-fold higher for D. fasciola F3 and F4 sample, respectively) [ 63 ]. Additionally, a recent study reported lower IC 50 values for two Ericaria species when compared to our study [ 32 ].…”

Influence of Nutrient Deprivation on the Antioxidant Capacity and Chemical Profile of Two Diatoms from Genus Chaetoceros

“…22) being the most abundant (Table 1). This PFAA has already been found as the dominant compound in green and brown macroalgae [28,40,41] and in the diatom Skeletonema grevillei [42]. Two other C:18 PFAAa were detected, linoleamide (no.…”

“…From 18.5-25 min, elution was again isocratic at 100% B. Electrospray ionization was set in positive mode (ESI+) with collision-induced dissociation (CID) in informationdependent acquisition mode (IDA) for MS/MS mass spectra acquisition. A detailed description of the parameters can be found in our previous article [40]. The mass spectrometer data were processed using ACD/Spectrus Processor 2021.1.0 software (ACD/Labs, Toronto, ON, Canada).…”