In Vivo Analysis of the Regeneration Capacity and Immune Response to Xenogeneic and Synthetic Bone Substitute Materials

Abstract

Although various studies have investigated differences in the tissue reaction pattern to synthetic and xenogeneic bone substitute materials (BSMs), a lack of knowledge exists regarding the classification of both materials based on the DIN ISO 10993-6 scoring system, as well as the histomorphometrical measurement of macrophage subtypes within their implantation beds. Thus, the present study was conducted to analyze in vivo responses to both xenogeneic and synthetic bone substitute granules. A standardized calvaria implantation model in Wistar rats, in combination with established scoring, histological, histopathological, and histomorphometrical methods, was conducted to analyze the influence of both biomaterials on bone regeneration and the immune response. The results showed that the application of the synthetic BSM maxresorb® induced a higher pro-inflammatory tissue response, while the xenogeneic BSM cerabone® induced a higher anti-inflammatory reaction. Additionally, comparable bone regeneration amounts were found in both study groups. Histopathological scoring revealed that the synthetic BSM exhibited non-irritant scores at all timepoints using the xenogeneic BSM as control. Overall, the results demonstrated the biocompatibility of synthetic BSM maxresorb® and support the conclusion that this material class is a suitable alternative to natural BSM, such as the analyzed xenogeneic material cerabone®, for a broad range of indications.

Analyses of the Cellular Interactions between the Ossification of Collagen-Based Barrier Membranes and the Underlying Bone Defects

“…However, starting from 8 weeks and up to 16 weeks post implantationem, comparable bone regeneration values were detected in all four compartments. Thereby, no signs of resorption of the xenogeneic bone substitute granules were observable, as had also been previously described in the case of this material class [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]; however, the collagen membrane was gradually resorbed while being completely transformed into bone tissue or bone matrix based on its fiber structure. In this context, the ossified membrane formed an independent bony layer above the actual bone defect areas.…”

Histological and Histomorphometric Evaluation of Implanted Photodynamic Active Biomaterials for Periodontal Bone Regeneration in an Animal Study

“…The ROI was examined by applying a four-graded scoring system ( Table 2 ). The score was adapted and modified [ 68 ] and comprises elements from the DIN EN ISO 10993-6:2017 guidelines [ 69 ]. Examples for each score (1–4) are presented in Figure 11 .…”

3D Printing in Regenerative Medicine: Technologies and Resources Utilized

“…In the additive process of bio-printing, cells and biomaterials are sequentially deposited to create cell patterns, creating living human constructions with comparable biological, chemical, and mechanical properties for optimal tissue, scaffold, and organ recovery. The substances used in this procedure are referred to as biomaterials, and they should have the following characteristics: biocompatibility, which means that they should be compatible with the human body; bioresorbability; biodegradability; and appropriate mechanical properties, depending on the implantation site [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ].…”

“…These inks are largely made up of the cells that are being utilized, but they are frequently combined with other materials that surround the cells. A bio-ink is a mix of cells and biopolymer gels [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ].…”