In Vitro Wound Healing Potential of Photobiomodulation Is Possibly Mediated by Its Stimulatory Effect on AKT Expression in Adipose‐Derived Stem Cells

Abstract

Increasing evidence suggests that adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) serve as a therapeutic approach for wound healing. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) on antioxidant enzymes in ADSCs. Four ADSC cell models, namely, normal, wounded, diabetic, and diabetic wounded, were irradiated with 660 nm (fluence of 5 J/cm2 and power density of 11.2 mW/cm2) or 830 nm (fluence of 5 J/cm2 and power density of 10.3 mW/cm2). Nonirradiated cells served as controls. Cell morphology and wound migration were determined using light microscopy. Cell viability was determined by the trypan blue exclusion assay. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the levels of antioxidants (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and heme oxygenase (HMOX1)). AKT activation and FOXO1 levels were determined by immunofluorescence and western blotting. The gaps (wound) in PBM-treated wounded and diabetic wounded cell models closed faster than the controls. PBM treatment significantly increased antioxidant levels in all cell models. This reflects that oxidative stress is reduced on the counterpart of increased antioxidant levels. This might be due to the activation of the AKT signaling pathway as evidenced by the increased AKT signals via western blotting and immunofluorescence. This data suggests that PBM promotes wound healing by increasing antioxidant levels by activating AKT signaling.

Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Wound-Healing Effects of Photobiomodulation on Type-2 Diabetic Rats

“…An increasing body of evidence supports the role of PBM in promoting wound healing by activating the AKT signaling pathway, which assists in elevating antioxidant levels. 38 PBM has also been found to inhibit the FOXO1 signaling pathway, thereby reducing oxidative stress biomarkers in diabetic wound fibroblasts. 39 Moreover, a previous study reported that diabetic hypoxic wound models reacted positively to PBM.…”

The therapeutic effect of adipose-derived stem cells on soft tissue injury after radiotherapy and their value for breast reconstruction

“…The anti-oxidative stress [ 93 ] and anti-apoptotic [ 94 ] effects of substances secreted by ADSCs are critical for repairing radiation-induced DNA damage in the acute phase and preventing the exacerbation of damage caused by the bystander effect. ADSC can effectively activate the antioxidant system, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) [ 95 , 96 ], Nrf2-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway [ 97 – 99 ] and so on.…”

Regulatory Processes of the Canonical Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway and Photobiomodulation in Diabetic Wound Repair

“…Feng et al (2020) [50] suggested that PBM (808 nm; 1 J/cm 2 and 2 J/cm 2 ) enhances wound healing by promoting the migration of gingival stem cells via the ROS/JNK/NF-κB/MMP-1 signalling pathway. Rajendran et al (2021) [51] noticed decreased oxidative stress through the activation of forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1) in adipose stem cells when PBM (660 nm; 5 J/cm 2 ) was used. Rhee et al (2019) [52] observed reduced neuronal cell polarity and increased cell proliferation, viability and activation of Src, Ras, and MAPK signalling when PBM (660 nm; 0.78, 1.56, 3.12, 6.24, 9.36 J/cm 2 ) was used.…”