In vitro viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus replication in excised fins of rainbow trout: correlation with resistance to waterborne challenge and genetic variation

Quillet, Edwige; Dorson, M.; Aubard, Gérard; Torhy, Corinne

doi:10.3354/dao045171

Cited by 41 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…It has also been suggested that Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, another important rhabdovirus of salmonids, enters fish through the skin, but this hypothesis has not been tested (3,23). While the present study demonstrates that intact and healthy skin is the portal of entry for KHV in carp, further experiments are in progress to determine if ectoparasite infestations and/or rough handling of fish enhances the entry of KHV through the skin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

The Major Portal of Entry of Koi Herpesvirus in Cyprinus carpio Is the Skin

Costes

Raj

Michel

et al. 2009

J Virol

128

144

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

The Major Portal of Entry of Koi Herpesvirus in Cyprinus carpio Is the Skin

Costes

Raj

Michel

et al. 2009

J Virol

128

144

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“…This supposition is based on previous observations in which early virus replication in gill epithelial cells (GEC) of RBT in situ has been demonstrated (1,4,18). Further, studies have shown that epithelial cells from skin and gills are capable of supporting the replication of VHSV (31) and that the viral replication in excised fins correlates with resistance to waterborne challenge (21). The progression of an infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) infection was suggested to occur from the gills into the circulation and/or from the oral region into the gastrointestinal tract, with subsequent distribution into the circulation (5).…”

Section: Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (Vhsv) Belongs To Thementioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Virulence of Marine and Freshwater Isolates of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus In Vivo Correlate with In Vitro Ability To Infect Gill Epithelial Cells and Macrophages of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )

Brudeseth

Skall

Evensen

2008

J Virol

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Two strains of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) with known different virulence characteristics in vivo were studied (by a time course approach) for their abilities to infect and translocate across a primary culture of gill epithelial cells (GEC) of rainbow trout (RBT; Oncorhynchus mykiss). The strains included one low-virulence marine VHSV (ma-VHSV) strain, ma-1p8, and a highly pathogenic freshwater VHSV (fw-VHSV) strain, fw-DK-3592B. Infectivities toward trout head kidney macrophages were also studied (by a time course method), and differences in in vivo virulence were reconfirmed, the aim being to determine any correlation between in vivo virulence and in vitro infectivity. The in vitro studies showed that the fw-VHSV isolate infected and caused a cytotoxic effect in monolayers of GEC (demonstrating virulence) at an early time point (2 h postinoculation) and that the same virus strain had translocated over a confluent, polarized GEC layer by 2 h postinoculation. The marine isolate did not infect monolayers of GEC, and delayed translocation across polarized GEC was seen by 48 h postinoculation. Primary cultures of head kidney macrophages were also infected with fw-VHSV, with a maximum of 9.5% virus-positive cells by 3 days postinfection, while for the ma-VHSV strain, only 0.5% of the macrophages were positive after 3 days of culture. In vivo studies showed that the fw-VHSV strain was highly virulent for RBT fry and caused high mortality, with classical features of viral hemorrhagic septicemia. The ma-VHSV showed a very low level of virulence (only one pool of samples from the dead fish was VHSV positive). This study has shown that the differences in virulence between marine and freshwater strains of VHSV following the in vivo infection of RBT correlate with in vitro abilities to infect primary cultures of GEC and head kidney macrophages of the same species. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) belongs to theNovirhabdovirus genus of the family Rhabdoviridae. European VHSV of freshwater origin causes disease primarily in rainbow trout (RBT; Oncorhynchus mykiss), with high mortality. Outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) in marine fish species like turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) (17,22,23) and Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) (10) have also been recorded previously. VHSV has been implicated in the mortality of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) (15), and in later studies it was shown that this species of fish is highly susceptible to experimental challenge (11). Infection trials have shown previously that marine VHSV (ma-VHSV) isolates originating from marine fish have low levels of pathogenicity in RBT compared with freshwater VHSV (fw-VHSV) strains (24). However, no studies have been carried out to determine the mechanisms for these differences at the level of host-pathogen interactions.Fw-VHSV strains infect through waterborne exposure, and the prime port of entry is suggested to be the skin and/or gills. This supposition is based on previous observations in which early virus repl...

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“…IHN virus (IHNV) often was isolated from farms where the fish were chronically infected but did not show abnormal mortality or clinical signs of the disease. Some salmonids probably are genetically more resistant to IHNV or VHS virus (VHSV) than others (LaPatra et al 1994, Trobridge et al 2000, Quillet et al 2001. Furthermore, the virulence of IHNV isolates varies in different species of fish (LaPatra et al 1990a,b, 1993, Basurco et al 1993.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age- and weight-dependent susceptibility of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to isolates of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) of varying virulence

Bergmann

Fichtner²,

Skall

et al. 2003

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The virulence of 5 European and 1 North American isolate of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) was compared by infecting female sibling rainbow trout ('Isle of Man' strain) of different weights and ages (2, 20 and 50 g). The fish were exposed to 10 4 TCID 50 IHNV per ml of water by immersion, and the mortality was recorded for 28 d. Two new IHNV isolates from Germany were included in the investigation. One was isolated from European eels kept at 23°C (± 2°C) and the other was not detectable by immunofluorescence with commercially available monoclonal antibodies recognising the viral G protein. The results showed that IHNV isolates of high or low virulence persisted in rainbow trout of all ages/weights for 28 d, with the exception of fish over 15 g in the eel IHNV (DF [diagnostic fish] 13/98)-infected groups from which the virus could not be reisolated on Day 28. The smallest fish were most susceptible to an infection with any of the IHNV isolates. The lowest cumulative mortality (18%) was observed in fingerlings infected with the North American isolate HAG (obtained from Hagerman Valley), and the highest mortality (100%) in DF 04/99 infected fish. The DF 04/99 and Ö-13/95 viruses caused mortality in fish independent of their weight or age. The isolates FR-32/87 and I-4008 were virulent in fish up to a weight of 20 g and caused no mortality in larger fish. In the IHNV HAG-and DF 13/98 (eel)-infected rainbow trout, no signs of disease were observed in fish weighing between 15 and 50 g. An age/weight related susceptibility of rainbow trout was demonstrated under the defined conditions for all IHNV isolates tested.

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In vitro viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus replication in excised fins of rainbow trout: correlation with resistance to waterborne challenge and genetic variation

Cited by 41 publications

References 36 publications

The Major Portal of Entry of Koi Herpesvirus in Cyprinus carpio Is the Skin

The Major Portal of Entry of Koi Herpesvirus in Cyprinus carpio Is the Skin

Differences in Virulence of Marine and Freshwater Isolates of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus In Vivo Correlate with In Vitro Ability To Infect Gill Epithelial Cells and Macrophages of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )

Age- and weight-dependent susceptibility of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to isolates of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) of varying virulence

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