In vitro transformation of PSP toxins by different shellfish tissues

Jaime, Elke; Gerdts, Gunnar; Luckas, Bernd

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2006.04.003

Cited by 45 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…There was significantly less GTX4 and significantly more STX in A. fundyense cells recovered from feces than in cells before gut passage, which is consistent with the descriptions of toxin transformations (from source Alexandrium cells to bivalve soft tissues) reported in the literature (e.g. Bricelj & Shumway 1998, Li 2004, Jaime et al 2007); these reports concluded that STX can be formed directly from neosaxitoxin and, through other intermediate forms, also from GTX4 and C toxins. The BF-2 strain of A. fundyense used in the present study contained C2 toxins which, with GTX3 as an intermediate, can also form STX.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The oyster soft tissues in our experiment contained GTX4 and neosaxitoxin, which are the 2 dominating forms of toxin in the dinoflagellates, but not STX. Transformation of toxin forms occurs both by enzymatic processes and by spontaneous chemical reactions with pH change (Bricelj & Shum way 1998, Li 2004, Jaime et al 2007). These transformations probably occur as part of digestive or metabolic processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These transformations probably occur as part of digestive or metabolic processes. Jaime et al (2007) showed toxin transformation in vitro with toxin extracts from Alexandrium fundyense and different shellfish tissues. Asakawa et al (1995) showed different toxin profiles in A. tamarense and the bivalves that ingested them.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxin profile change in vegetative cells and pellicle cysts of Alexandrium fundyense after gut passage in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica

Smith¹,

Persson²,

Selander³

et al. 2011

Aquat. Biol.

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Vegetative cells and pellicle cysts of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense Balech were fed to the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica Gmelin under controlled conditions. Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) were measured in vegetative cells and pellicle cysts prior to feeding and directly after passage through the oyster alimentary canal and defecation as intact cells. Oysters fed with vegetative cells and those fed with pellicle cysts accumulated toxins. One experimental treatment tested for direct uptake of toxins from the water (oysters and A. fundyense cells were separated by a screen); PSTs were not accumulated from the water by the oysters. There were no significant changes in total, per-cell toxicity after passage through the oyster alimentary canal, suggesting limited transfer of toxins from intact cells to the oysters. However, there were statistically significant changes in the toxin composition of cells following gut passage. Vegetative cells and pellicle cysts from feces had increased amounts of saxitoxin (STX) and decreased amounts of gonyautoxin 4 (GTX4) per cell, compared to amounts prior to gut passage. Following gut passage, pellicle cysts showed better survival in the feces than vegetative cells, which is consistent with the view of pelliclecyst formation as a successful survival strategy against adverse conditions. KEY WORDS: Alexandrium fundyense · Crassostrea virginica · Dinoflagellate · Toxin · PST · Pellicle cyst Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxin profile change in vegetative cells and pellicle cysts of Alexandrium fundyense after gut passage in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica

Smith¹,

Persson²,

Selander³

et al. 2011

Aquat. Biol.

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“…In contrast, other shellfish species, the soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria exhibited only subtle changes in toxin composition (Fast et al, 2006). Jaime et al (2007) found out that digestive tissues of two snails, Littorina littorea and Buccinum undatum, showed the high conversion rates in vitro transformation of PSP toxins experiment. In our experiment, PSP toxins didn't change obviously in any muscle homogenates tissues, this result is similar with that of Fast et al (2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fast et al (2006) studied the in vitro transformation of PSP toxins in clams Mya arenaria and Protothaca staminea. Moreover, Jaime et al (2007) investigated the in vitro transformation of PSP toxins in ten shellfishes and two snails. Yet, there was no observation on in vitro transformation of PSP toxins in China till now.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study on in vitro transformation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in different shellfish tissues

et al. 2010

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Dissected tissues of three shellfish species, the Chinese scallop, Chlamys farreri, Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, and Razor shell, Solen strictu were evaluated for in vitro transformation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins. Tissue homogenates were incubated with extraction from toxic algae Alexandrium minutum to determine toxin conversion. The effects of heating and addition of a natural reductant (glutathione) on toxin conversion were also assessed. The toxin profile was investigated through high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). The evident variations in the toxin content were observed only in Chinese scallop viscera homogenates. The concentration of GTX4 was reduced by 45% (approximately 0.8 μmol/dm 3 ) and 25% (approximately 1 μmol/dm 3 ) for GTX1, while GTX2 and GTX3 increased by six times (approximately 1 μmol/dm 3 ) and 3 times (approximately 0.3 μmol/dm 3 ) respectively. Simultaneously, the total toxicity decreased by 38% during the 48 h incubation period, the final toxicity was 20.4 nmol STXeq/g. Furthermore, heated Chinese scallop viscera homogenates samples were compared with non-heated samples. The concentration of the GTX4 and GTX1 was clearly 28% (approximately 0.53 μmol/dm 3 ) and 17% (approximately 0.69 μmol/dm 3 ) higher in heated samples, GTX2 and GTX3 were four times (0.66 μmol/dm 3 ) and two times (0.187 μmol/dm 3 ) lower respectively. GSH (+) Chinese scallop viscera homogenates samples were compared with GSH (-) samples, the concentration in the GTX4 and GTX1 was 9% (approximately 0.12 μmol/dm 3 ) and 11% (approximately 0.36 μmol/dm 3 ) lower respectively, GTX2 and GTX3 was 17% (approximately 0.14 μmol/dm 3 ) and 19% (approximately 0.006 μmol/dm 3 ) higher respectively. In contrast,there was a little change in the concentration of PSP toxins of Manila clam and Razor shell tissue homogenates. These observations on three shellfish tissues confirmed that there were species-specific differences in PSP toxins transformation. PSP toxins transformation was more pronounced in viscera tissue than in muscle tissue. PSP toxins was possibly interfered by some carbamoylase enzyme, and the activity in Chinese scallop viscera tissue is more remarkable than in the other two species.

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