In vitro transcriptome analysis of porcine choroid plexus epithelial cells in response to Streptococcus suis: release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines

Schwerk, Christian; Adam, Rüdiger; Borkowski, Julia; Schneider, Hans‐Jürgen; Klenk, Michael; Zink, Sascha; Quednau, Natascha; Schmidt, Nicole; Stump, Carolin; Sagar, Anubha; Spellerberg, Barbara; Tenenbaum, Tobias; Koczan, Dirk; Klein-Hitpaß, Ludger; Schroten, Horst

doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2011.05.012

Cited by 35 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…As shown in Table 1, our RT-qPCR results for selected genes followed the same trends obtained by microarray analysis. Differences in gene expression among groups of infected mice were confirmed or even amplified using this more powerful and quantitative technique, as reported previously (27). In accordance with our microarray data, mice infected with the Chinese strain had the highest expression of genes for proinflammatory mediators.…”

Section: Difference In Virulence Among North American European Andsupporting

confidence: 91%

Exacerbated Type II Interferon Response Drives Hypervirulence and Toxic Shock by an Emergent Epidemic Strain of Streptococcus suis

et al. 2013

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b Streptococcus suis, a major porcine pathogen, can be transmitted to humans and cause severe symptoms. A large human outbreak associated with an unusual streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) was described in China. Albeit an early burst of proinflammatory cytokines following Chinese S. suis infection was suggested to be responsible for STSLS case severity, the mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. Using a mouse model, the host response to S. suis infection with a North American intermediately pathogenic strain, a European highly pathogenic strain, and the Chinese epidemic strain was investigated by a whole-genome microarray approach. Proinflammatory genes were expressed at higher levels in mice infected with the Chinese strain than those infected with the European strain. The Chinese strain induced a fast and strong gamma interferon (IFN-␥) response by natural killer (NK) cells. In fact, IFN-␥-knockout mice infected with the Chinese strain showed significantly better survival than wild-type mice. Conversely, infection with the less virulent North American strain resulted in an IFN-␤-subjugated, low inflammatory response that might be beneficial for the host to clear the infection. Overall, our data suggest that a highly virulent epidemic strain has evolved to massively activate IFN-␥ production, mainly by NK cells, leading to a rapid and lethal STSLS.

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Section: Difference In Virulence Among North American European Andsupporting

confidence: 91%

Exacerbated Type II Interferon Response Drives Hypervirulence and Toxic Shock by an Emergent Epidemic Strain of Streptococcus suis

et al. 2013

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“…tory epithelial cells generated by S. suis has not been addressed. In the present study, S. suis was shown to strongly upregulate gene expression of mainly IL-6 and IL-8, similar to that observed with epithelial cells of the choroid plexus (52). In contrast to what was described with these cells, relatively low levels of TNF-␣ expression were observed with S. suis-activated NPTr cells, even at shorter incubation times (data not shown), indicating some differences between the two cell types.…”

Section: Figsupporting

confidence: 86%

Capsular Sialic Acid of Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Binds to Swine Influenza Virus and Enhances Bacterial Interactions with Virus-Infected Tracheal Epithelial Cells

et al. 2013

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bStreptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important swine bacterial pathogen, and it is also an emerging zoonotic agent. It is unknown how S. suis virulent strains, which are usually found in low quantities in pig tonsils, manage to cross the first host defense lines to initiate systemic disease. Influenza virus produces a contagious infection in pigs which is frequently complicated by bacterial coinfections, leading to significant economic impacts. In this study, the effect of a preceding swine influenza H1N1 virus (swH1N1) infection of swine tracheal epithelial cells (NTPr) on the ability of S. suis serotype 2 to adhere to, invade, and activate these cells was evaluated. Cells preinfected with swH1N1 showed bacterial adhesion and invasion levels that were increased more than 100-fold compared to those of normal cells. Inhibition studies confirmed that the capsular sialic acid moiety is responsible for the binding to virus-infected cell surfaces. Also, preincubation of S. suis with swH1N1 significantly increased bacterial adhesion to/invasion of epithelial cells, suggesting that S. suis also uses swH1N1 as a vehicle to invade epithelial cells when the two infections occur simultaneously. Influenza virus infection may facilitate the transient passage of S. suis at the respiratory tract to reach the bloodstream and cause bacteremia and septicemia. S. suis may also increase the local inflammation at the respiratory tract during influenza infection, as suggested by an exacerbated expression of proinflammatory mediators in coinfected cells. These results give new insight into the complex interactions between influenza virus and S. suis in a coinfection model.

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“…To our knowledge, there are no studies showing the pattern of TLR expression separately in epithelial, endothelial and other cells of the CP. However, there are studies demonstrating that the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus suis and LPS induce the expression of cytokines in porcine CP epithelial cells (Schwerk et al, 2011). TLR2, TLR6 and TLR9 are involved in the recognition of Streptococcus suis (Zheng et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profile of toll-like receptor mRNA expression in the choroid plexus in adult ewes

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Szczepkowska

Kowalewska

et al. 2015

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) located in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus (CP) forms the interface between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and pathogen components circulating in the blood. The CP is also implicated in the passage of peripheral immune signals and circulation of immune cells into the central nervous system. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are patternrecognition receptors that play a crucial role in the recognition of pathogens and triggering of the innate immune response. In sheep, ten members of the TLR family have been identified and cloned. We used real-time PCR analyses to examine the profiles of TLR mRNA expression in the CP of cerebral ventricles in healthy adult ewes. The transcripts for all ten TLRs except TLR8 were present; however, we observed a high variation in the degree of expression of the TLR5 and TLR1 genes (coefficient of variation: 61% and 46%, respectively) as well as a moderate variation in the expression of the TLR4 (34%), TLR2 (27%) and TLR6 (26%) genes. The TLR9, TLR7, TLR3 and TLR10 genes were the four receptors with relatively invariable expression levels (coefficient of variation: 7%, 8%, 16% and 17%, respectively) across the six adult ewes. The concentration of cortisol in blood collected prior to sacrificing the ewes ranged from 0.18 to 78.9 ng/ml. There was no correlation between cortisol concentration and mRNA expression of any of the examined TLRs. These data suggest that the CP has the potential to sense the presence of many bacterial and viral components and mediate responses for the elimination of invading microorganisms, thereby protecting the brain.

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In vitro transcriptome analysis of porcine choroid plexus epithelial cells in response to Streptococcus suis: release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines

Cited by 35 publications

References 51 publications

Exacerbated Type II Interferon Response Drives Hypervirulence and Toxic Shock by an Emergent Epidemic Strain of Streptococcus suis

Exacerbated Type II Interferon Response Drives Hypervirulence and Toxic Shock by an Emergent Epidemic Strain of Streptococcus suis

Capsular Sialic Acid of Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Binds to Swine Influenza Virus and Enhances Bacterial Interactions with Virus-Infected Tracheal Epithelial Cells

Profile of toll-like receptor mRNA expression in the choroid plexus in adult ewes

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