In vitro synthesis of glycogen: the structure, properties, and physiological function of enzymatically-synthesized glycogen

Kajiura, Hideki; Takata, Hitoshi; Akiyama, Tsunehisa; Kakutani, Ryo; Furuyashiki, Takashi; Kojima, Iwao; Harui, Toshiaki; Kuriki, Takashi

doi:10.2478/s11756-011-0053-y

Cited by 36 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Glycogen‐like hyperbranched α‐glucans have been reported to form in vitro upon action of a branching enzyme on short‐chain amylose as well as the tandem action of a branching enzyme and an amylosucrase enzyme on sucrose units, for example. These in vitro synthesized glycogens have different properties from native glycogen particles in terms of molecular weight, size distribution, and degradability.…”

Section: Functionalizing Glycogen Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycogen as a Building Block for Advanced Biological Materials

2019

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complex drug delivery systems that are challenging to scale up and therefore have limited clinical and commercial translation. Although numerous nanoparticles have been widely developed and used for various applications, including biomedical applications, [2] there is a growing interest in nontoxic and degradable alternatives to first-generation synthetic nanomaterials. Ideally the synthesis of such nanoparticles needs to be cost effective, simple, green, reproducible, scalable, and the constitutive building blocks of the nanoparticles should be nontoxic, functional, biodegradable, and available on a large scale. Naturally occurring nanoparticles could be such a valid alternative. These nanoparticles include intracellular structures, such as magnetosomes [3] and glycogen, and extracellular assemblies such as lipoproteins and viruses. [3] Among these, glycogen is the most abundant and versatile biological nanoparticle, which fulfils the requirements for the fabrication of nanostructured biomaterials. Glycogen is nature's prime nanoparticle that exists in most organisms, from bacteria and archaea to humans, [4,5] as a vital component of the cellular energy machinery. It is a highly branched polysaccharide comprising repeating units of glucose connected by linear α-d-(1,4) glycosidic linkages with α-d-(1,6) branching, structured into roughly spherical nanoparticles that have a high water solubility and molecular weight.The use of polysaccharides as components for advanced materials has been an attractive concept for decades. [6,7] A key motive is that polysaccharides, as a natural biomaterial, are endowed with a level of biodegradability and biocompatibility. In addition, they can be easily modified chemically or biochemically to produce functional derivatives, which are important for various therapeutic applications. [8] The structures of polysaccharides vary considerably but span from linear to highly branched polymers with molecular weights ranging from thousands to millions, composed of mono-or disaccharides, or short-chain oligomers bound together by glycosidic linkages. [9] There is a rich history of research on the use of polysaccharides in a range of therapeutic applications including: i) soft tissue engineering, [10,11] where the materials can be designed to mimic the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix in the tissue; ii) as drug, protein, or gene delivery systems, [7,12,13] where polysaccharides have a large number of reactive groups [14] that allow for tunable properties [12] such as pH-responsiveness; [15] and iii) as nanoprobes for cellular Biological nanoparticles found in living systems possess distinct molecular architectures and diverse functions. Glycogen is a unique biological polysaccharide nanoparticle fabricated by nature through a bottom-up approach. The biocatalytic synthesis of glycogen has evolved over time to form a nanometer-sized dendrimer-like structure (20-150 nm) with a highly branched surface and a dense core. This makes glycogen markedly different from other natur...

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Section: Functionalizing Glycogen Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycogen as a Building Block for Advanced Biological Materials

2019

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“…For a high ratio (around 340), the synthesized chains are long and reorganize in the form of a random organization of crystallites by a retrogradation process (Fig. Two methods have been reported, described as "SP-GP-BE" (based on the use of sucrose phosphorylase (SP), '-glucan phosphorylase (GP), and branching enzyme (BE)) with sucrose and maltotetraose as substrates (Ohdan et al 2006;Kajiura et al 2011) and "IAM-BE-AM," in which the branched linkages of starch were first hydrolyzed by an isoamylase (IAM) to produce short amylose chains that were assembled into spherical particles by a branching enzyme (BE) and an amylomaltase (AM) (Kajiura et al 2008). For a low ratio (close to 1), small spikelike protrusions are seen on the surface (Fig.…”

Section: Enzymatic Modification Of Branched (14)˛(16)glucansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Starch

2015

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“…The enzyme that forms the basis of this strategy is 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme (GBE, EC 2.4.1.18), which belongs to the α-amylase family. GBE is known to cleave the α-1,4 glucosidic linkage of an existing glucan chain and transfer the cut end to the 6-position of a glucose residue within the cleaved chain or within another glucan chain, creating an α-1,6 glucosidic linkage (Devillers, Piper, Ballicora, & Preiss, 2003;Kajiura et al, 2011). GBE has been widely used in previous studies to modify a variety of polysaccharides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrogradation behavior of corn starch treated with 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme

et al. 2016

Food Chemistry

122

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The retrogradation behavior of corn starch treated with 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme (GBE) was investigated using rheometry, pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (PNMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Dynamic time sweep analysis confirmed that the storage modulus (G') of corn starch stored at 4 °C decreased with increasing GBE treatment time. PNMR analysis demonstrated that the transverse relaxation times (T2) of corn starches treated with GBE were higher than that of control during the storage at 4 °C. DSC results demonstrated that the retrogradation enthalpy (ΔHr) of corn starch was reduced by 22.3% after GBE treatment for 10h. Avrami equation analysis showed that GBE treatment reduced the rate of starch retrogradation. FTIR analysis revealed that GBE treatment led to a decrease in hydrogen bonds within the starch. Overall, these results demonstrate that both short- and long-term retrogradation of corn starch were retarded by GBE treatment.

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In vitro synthesis of glycogen: the structure, properties, and physiological function of enzymatically-synthesized glycogen

Cited by 36 publications

References 27 publications

Glycogen as a Building Block for Advanced Biological Materials

Glycogen as a Building Block for Advanced Biological Materials

Starch

Retrogradation behavior of corn starch treated with 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme

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