In Vitro Susceptibility of Porcine Respiratory Pathogens to Tilmicosin

DeRosa, David C.; Veenhuizen, Melissa; Bade, Donald J.; Shryock, Thomas R.

doi:10.1177/104063870001200608

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…However, three studies from the United States (2,3,11) were suitable for comparisons with our data. In the first study (11), the range of MICs as well as the MIC 90 s of various antimicrobial agents were determined in 1988 for 48 porcine B. bronchiseptica isolates collected in the United States.…”

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confidence: 97%

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bordetella bronchiseptica Isolates from Porcine Respiratory Tract Infections

Kadlec

Kehrenberg

Wallmann

et al. 2004

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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MICs for 349 Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates from respiratory tract infections of swine were determined by broth microdilution. The lowest MIC at which 90% of isolates tested are inhibited (MIC 90 ) was that of tetracycline and enrofloxacin (0.5 g/ml), whereas the highest MIC 90 s were those of tilmicosin and cephalothin (32 g/ml) as well as streptomycin (256 g/ml).Porcine respiratory diseases represent the leading cause of mortality in nursery and finishing units (12). Bordetella bronchiseptica is often involved in porcine respiratory tract infections, along with viruses and other bacteria (1). It has been shown that infections with B. bronchiseptica predispose pigs to secondary infections with toxigenic strains of Pasteurella multocida and thus play an important role in the pathogenesis of severe atrophic rhinitis (1,8). Various antimicrobial agents are licensed and used for the control of bacteria involved in porcine respiratory diseases and atrophic rhinitis, including aminopenicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides alone or in combination with spectinomycin, potentiated sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, pleuromutilins, and florfenicol. In contrast to well-studied pathogens such as P. multocida (for a review see reference 5), comparatively little is known about the antimicrobial susceptibility of porcine B. bronchiseptica isolates (3, 5, 6, 9-11, 14, 16, 20).Between 2000 and 2003, 349 B. bronchiseptica isolates were collected from cases of bronchopneumonia and/or atrophic rhinitis of swine in Germany. This study includes 78 isolates from 2000, 98 isolates from 2001, 91 isolates from 2002, and 82 isolates from 2003. All isolates were collected from diseased animals on the basis of one isolate per herd. The animals had not been treated with antimicrobial agents in the 3 weeks prior to sample collection. Samples included nasal swabs sent to the diagnostic laboratories by veterinarians and lung tissue obtained during postmortem inspections at diagnostic laboratories. Microbiological sample processing and biochemical confirmation of species assignment followed standard procedures (7). All bacterial isolates were investigated for their in vitro susceptibility to antimicrobial agents by the microdilution broth method with microtiter plates (Sensititre, Westlake, Ohio) that contained the antimicrobial agents in serial twofold dilutions. The layouts of the microtiter plates corresponded to those used in the German resistance monitoring program for veterinary pathogens (GERM-VET). The antimicrobial agents and concentrations tested are shown in Table 1. Performance and evaluation of the susceptibility tests followed the recommendations given in document M31-A2 of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (13). Specifically, an inoculum that corresponded to a 0.5 McFarland standard was prepared in cation-supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth and then further diluted to yield a final concentration of 10 5 CFU/ ml. After incubation for 16 to 20 h at 35°C, the wells of...

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confidence: 97%

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bordetella bronchiseptica Isolates from Porcine Respiratory Tract Infections

Kadlec

Kehrenberg

Wallmann

et al. 2004

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…Pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin after intravenous administration were limited and unsuccessful due to its considerable cardiovascular adverse effects and deaths ( In the present study, mean peak plasma concentration (1.25±0.09 μg/mL) of tilmicosin phosphate (tilmicoral ® ) is higher than MICs for Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (0.06-1 μg/mL) (Varga et al 2001) and Mycoplasma synoviae and MG (0.0125-0.1 μg/mL) and lower than the MICs for Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from commercial broiler farms (Watkins et al 1997) and Actinobacillus suis and Pasteurella multocida isolated clinically from swine (DeRosa et al 2000). This clearly demonstrates that administration of tilmicosin at the recommended dosage is effective for control of respiratory disease in several animal species (Moore et al 1996, Christodoulopoulos et al 2002 due to its prolonged stay in lung tissues at therapeutic concentrations (Papich & Riviere 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Pharmacokinetics, tissue residues of tilmicosin phosphate (tilmicor-alÂ®) and its in vitro and in vivo evaluation for the control of Mycoplas-ma gallisepticum infection in broiler chickens

Elbadawy

Aboubakr

2017

IJPT

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The aim of present study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of tilmicosin phosphate (tilmicoral ® ) as well as its in vitro and in vivo evaluation for control of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection in broiler chickens. Pharmacokinetics (single oral dose) and tissues residues (daily for five days) of tilmicosin (25 mg/kg b.wt) in broilers were investigated. Peak plasma concentration of tilmicosin was 1.25±0.0.09 μg/mL and achieved at 3.15±0.34 h. Elimination half-life was long (44.3±7.22 h) and Vdarea was large (1.25±0.082 L/kg). Residue study revealed a good distribution and penetration of tilmicosine in lung, liver, kidney and muscles. Tilmicosin could not be detected in all tested tissues (except in lung) at 6 days after last administration. The MIC of tilmicosin and tylosin against MG were 0.054 and 0.319 μg/mL, respectively. MG infected chickens and treated by tilmicosin or tylosin showed a significant (p<0.05) improvement in mean body weights gain and a significant (p<0.05) decline in mean clinical signs score, air sac lesion score and mortality rate, however tilmicosin was a superior drug. In conclusion, timicoral ® was a very effective medication for controlling MG infection in broiler chickens due to its rapid absorption, long elimination half-life, rapid and extensive penetration from blood into tissues especially lungs and air sacs. Additionally, tilmicoral ® had a short withdrawal time. Moreover, its superior efficacy (in vitro and in vivo) against MG.

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“…Tilmicosin is a new semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic developed from tylosin with potent immune-modulation and anti-inflammatory effects (Buret, 2010;Cao et al, 2006;Ci et al, 2011). Tilmicosin has been developed for veterinary use as a premix feed formulation for swine and is considered efficacious against several porcine respiratory pathogens (DeRosa et al, 2000;Fittipaldi et al, 2005;Shryock et al, 2002;Thacker et al, 2001). Recently, Du et al (2011) showed that tilmicosin exhibited strong antiviral effects on PRRSV replication in cultured porcine alveolar macrophages in a dose-dependent manner.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tilmicosin is a new semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from tylosin B (Scorneaux & Shryock, 1998) and is an effective antimicrobial for Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria (Brumbaugh et al, 2002;DeRosa, Veenhuizen, Bade, & Shryock, 2000;Fittipaldi et al, 2005;Shryock, Staples, & DeRosa, 2002;Thacker, Young, Erickson, & DeBey, 2001). A recent study showed that tilmicosin exhibited strong antiviral effects on PRRSV replication in cultured porcine alveolar macrophages in a dose-dependent manner (Du et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tilmicosin Reduces PRRSV Loads in Pigs in vivo

Lin¹,

Yang²,

Lin³

et al. 2015

JAS

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Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen having a significant economic impact on the swine industry worldwide. Tilmicosin is a new semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic developed from tylosin B. Tilmicosin can enter pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and inhibit the replication of PRRSV in PAMs in vitro. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of tilmicosin in controlling the replication of PRRSV in vivo. Forty and 635 weaned piglets were randomly chosen from PRRSV-contaminated farrow-to-finish herds in Taiwan and China, respectively. The piglets were equally divided into two groups and housed in the same pen but separated into individual spaces. Tilmicosin (Tilmovet ® 20% premix, 400 mg/kg) was administered after weaning for 21 days (treated group). The untreated group of piglets did not receive tilmicosin. Blood samples were collected at 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks of age to detect of the PRRSV load. At 8 and 10 weeks of age, the tilmicosin-treated piglets had a significantly lower PRRSV load than the untreated piglets (P < 0.05) in Taiwan. At 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks of age, the tilmicosin-treated piglets had a significantly lower PRRSV load than the untreated piglets (P < 0.05) in China. These data indicates that animals treated with tilmicosin exhibited not only reduced PRRSV loads but also improved average daily weight gain during the study period.

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In Vitro Susceptibility of Porcine Respiratory Pathogens to Tilmicosin

Cited by 23 publications

References 9 publications

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bordetella bronchiseptica Isolates from Porcine Respiratory Tract Infections

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bordetella bronchiseptica Isolates from Porcine Respiratory Tract Infections

Pharmacokinetics, tissue residues of tilmicosin phosphate (tilmicor-alÂ®) and its in vitro and in vivo evaluation for the control of Mycoplas-ma gallisepticum infection in broiler chickens

Tilmicosin Reduces PRRSV Loads in Pigs in vivo

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