In vitro study of hydroxyapatite-based photocurable polymer composites prepared by laser stereolithography and supercritical fluid extraction

Stereolithographic Bone Scaffold Design Parameters: Osteogenic Differentiation and Signal Expression

“…121 In addition, cell attachment measured by propidium iodide staining and proliferation assessed by DNA contents showed higher levels in composite scaffolds than in the control olygocarbonate dimethacrylate scaffold. 120 Similarly, bioactive glass has also been used for the fabrication of CAD scaffolds with the aid of the combined methods of both SLA and gel casting. 122 An SLA-produced epoxy resin negative mold with controlled architectures was used to cast a homogeneous suspension of a glass slurry.…”

“…25 Further, HA could be used in composite fabrication with photocurable acrylate resins. 120,121 In these studies, micrometer-sized HA particles were incorporated with olygocarbonate dimethacrylate resin material, and simple stirring created homogenous mixture of HA particles and resin polymers, which blocked the inhibition of photocrosslinking by solid particles. Although increasing the amount of HA particles might limit the versatility of SLA fabrication because of increased viscosity, the result of 4-and 8-week in vivo studies on distal epiphysis implants in rat femora exhibited extensive periosteal and endosteal osteogenesis, as observed by scanning electron microscopy of sectioned tissue samples.…”

In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of calcium‐phosphate scaffolds three‐dimensional printed by stereolithography for bone regeneration

“…However, the main disadvantage of SLA is the scarcity of biocompatible resins with proper SLA processing properties (Fisher, Holland, Dean, Engel, & Mikos, 2001). However, it has been shown in vitro and in vivo that HA incorporation into the resin produces a scaffold more suitable for bone regeneration related to the increased osteoblast attachment and activity on this biomaterial surface (Barry et al, 2008;Popov et al, 2004). In vivo, these impurities may impair bone regeneration by affecting bone matrix synthesis (Goodstone & Hardingham, 2002) and may induce cytotoxicity (Granchi et al, 2000;Sung, Meredith, Johnson, & Galis, 2004).…”

“…Therefore, additive manufacturing technologies by stereolithography (SLA) seem to be an excellent approach to process custom-made bone substitute scaffolds to overcome these limits (Rider et al, 2018;Roseti et al, 2017). Light process SLA is one of the most highly developed rapid prototyping techniques and is based upon ultraviolet lightinduced photopolymerization of photocurable resins (Barry et al, 2008). Given its ability to create complex shapes with internal architecture displaying a high resolution (Du et al, 2015;Peltola, Melchels, Grijpma, & Kellomäki, 2008;Seol et al, 2013), SLA 3D printing of ceramics may be considered as a promising technology for the development of individualized ceramic scaffolds for bone regeneration (Kim, Yeatts, Dean, & Fisher, 2010).…”

Fabrication of Off-the-Shelf Multilumen Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Nerve Guidance Conduits Using Stereolithography

“…It has been shown previously that SL is a unique technology with potential in TE as it can be used with photocrosslinkable biomaterials to create complex 3D tissue-engineered scaffolds. [31][32][33][34] Here, we have designed an NGC to be fabricated with two important characteristics: a capped portion at each end that allows effective suturing of the damaged nerve stumps to the NGC, and a multilumen middle portion that provides a greater surface area for support cells and sprouting axons. The dimensions of the design (2.94 mm outside diameter [OD] and 1.72 mm inside diameter [ID], with seven 400-mm-diameter lumens) are the smallest permitted by the current SL system used for the fabrication, and these dimensions were established based on data found in the literature for peripheral nerve regeneration in a rat model.…”