In vitro propagation of myco-heterotrophic Gastrodia elata

Park, Eung‐Jun; Lee, Wi Young; Ahn, Jin Kwon

doi:10.1007/s13580-012-0046-y

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Traditionally, G. elata is considered to switch from a specific single-fungus relationship ( Mycena ) to another single-fungus relationship ( Armellaria ) during its life cycle [30, 48]. Mycena must be replaced by A. mellea late in protocorm development [28], assuming that this replacement provides the G. elata with access to the greater reserves of organic carbon contained in the massive woody substrates exploited by A. mellea [49, 50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To bait mycorrhizal fungi, 10 planting holes (80 cm (L) × 50 cm (W) × 20 cm (H)) were randomly dug in nearly 100 m 2 of the area in July 2016. The litter of the trees (primarily Fagaceae tree leaves, which are traditionally thought to be good sources for mycorrhizal fungi growth on G. elata [48]) were collected and laid on the bottom of holes. Seeds of G. elata (from 8 to 10 capsules per hole) were well distributed onto plant materials and covered with a 5–10 cm layer of soil.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamics of fungal communities during Gastrodia elata growth

Lin

Wang²,

Qin

et al. 2019

BMC Microbiol

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Background Gastrodia elata is a widely distributed achlorophyllous orchid and is highly valued as both medicine and food. Gastrodia elata produces dust-like seeds and relies on mycorrhizal fungi for its germination and growth. In its life cycle, G. elata is considered to switch from a specific single-fungus relationship ( Mycena ) to another single-fungus relationship ( Armillaria ). However, no studies have investigated the changes in the plant-fungus relationship during the growth of G. elata in the wild. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was used to characterize the fungal community of tubers in different growth phases as well as the soils surrounding G. elata . Results The predominant fungi were Basidiomycota (60.44%) and Ascomycota (26.40%), which exhibited changes in abundance and diversity with the growth phases of G. elata . Diverse basidiomycetes in protocorms (phase P) were Hyphodontia , Sistotrema , Tricholoma , Mingxiaea , Russula , and Mycena , but the community changed from a large proportion of Resinicium bicolor (40%) in rice-like tubers (phase M) to an unidentified Agaricales operational taxonomic unit 1(OTU1,98.45%) in propagation vegetation tubers (phase B). The soil fungi primarily included Simocybe , Psathyrella , Conocybe , and Subulicystidium . Three Mycena OTUs obtained in this study were differentially distributed among the growth phases of G. elata , accounting for less than 1.0% of the total reads, and were phylogenetically close to Mycena epipterygia and M. alexandri . Conclusions Our data indicated that G. elata interacts with a broad range of fungi beyond the Mycena genus. These fungi changed with the growth phases of G. elata . In addition, these data suggested that the development of the fungal community during the growth of G. elata was more complex than previously assumed and that at least two different fungi could be involved in development before the arrival of Armillaria . Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1501-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of fungal communities during Gastrodia elata growth

Lin

Wang²,

Qin

et al. 2019

BMC Microbiol

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“…Gastrodia elata is a rootless and leafless achlorophyllous orchid that grows in a symbiotic relationship with two compatible mycorrhizal fungi, Mycena spp. and Armillaria mellea , during seed germination and vegetative growth, respectively [ 1 – 3 ]. The seeds of G. elata are tiny and do not possess an endosperm, and these seeds germinate only when adequate nutrition is obtained through the digestion of the specific fungi, Mycena spp., which invades the embryonic cells of these seeds [ 4 – 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative transcriptome analysis of Gastrodia elata (Orchidaceae) in response to fungus symbiosis to identify gastrodin biosynthesis-related genes

Tsai

Wu²,

Chiang

et al. 2016

BMC Genomics

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BackgroundGastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) is an important Chinese medicine with several functional components. In the life cycle of G. elata, the orchid develops a symbiotic relationship with two compatible mycorrhizal fungi Mycena spp. and Armillaria mellea during seed germination to form vegetative propagation corm and vegetative growth to develop tubers, respectively. Gastrodin (p-hydroxymethylphenol-beta-D-glucoside) is the most important functional component in G. elata, and gastrodin significantly increases from vegetative propagation corms to tubers. To address the gene regulation mechanism in gastrodin biosynthesis in G. elata, a comparative analysis of de novo transcriptome sequencing among the vegetative propagation corms and tubers of G. elata and A. mellea was conducted using deep sequencing.ResultsTranscriptome comparison between the vegetative propagation corms and juvenile tubers of G. elata revealed 703 differentially expressed unigenes, of which 298 and 405 unigenes were, respectively up-regulated (fold-change ≥ 2, q-value < 0.05, the trimmed mean of M-values (TMM)-normalized fragments per kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads (FPKM) > 10) and down-regulated (fold-change ≤ 0.5, q-value <0.05, TMM-normalized FPKM > 10) in juvenile tubers. After Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, 112 up-regulated unigenes with KEGG Ortholog identifiers (KOids) or enzyme commission (EC) numbers were assigned to 159 isogroups involved in seventy-eight different pathways, and 132 down-regulated unigenes with KOids or EC numbers were assigned to 168 isogroups, involved in eighty different pathways. The analysis of the isogroup genes from all pathways revealed that the two unigenes TRINITY_DN54282_c0_g1 (putative monooxygenases) and TRINITY_DN50323_c0_g1 (putative glycosyltransferases) might participate in hydroxylation and glucosylation in the gastrodin biosynthetic pathway.ConclusionsThe gene expression of the two unique unigenes encoding monooxygenase and glycosyltransferase significantly increases from vegetative propagation corms to tubers, and the molecular basis of gastrodin biosynthesis in the tubers of G. elata is proposed.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2508-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The compounds found in G . elata have been reported to possess anti-epileptic [ 7 ], anti-obesity [ 8 ], anti-convulsive [ 9 ], anti-oxidative [ 10 ] and memory enhancing properties [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Qualitative Assessment and Quantitative Analysis of Metabolites (Phenolics, Nucleosides and Amino Acids) from the Roots of Fresh Gastrodia elata Using UPLC-ESI-Triple Quadrupole Ion MS and ESI- Linear Ion Trap High-Resolution MS

Chen¹,

Liu²,

Xi³

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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A sensitive, effective and optimized method, based on ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with ESI-triple quadrupole ion MS and ESI-linear ion trap high-resolution MS, has been developed for the simultaneous quantitative and qualitative determination of phenolics, nucleosides and amino acids in the roots of fresh Gastrodia elata. Optimization of the analytical method provided higher separation efficiency and better peak resolution for the targeted compounds. The simultaneous separation protocols were also optimized by routinely using accurate mass measurements, within 5 ppm error, for each molecular ion and the subsequent fragment ions. In total, 31 compounds, including 23 phenolics, two nucleosides, four amino acids, one gastrodin and one other compound were identified or tentatively characterized. Mono-substituted parishin glucoside (9), methoxy mono-substituted parishin (13), methyl parishin (26), p-hydroxybenzyl di-substituted parishin (29), and p-hydroxybenzyl parishin (31) were tentatively identified as new compounds. Principal metabolite content analysis and the composition of eight representative G. elata cultivars of various species indicated that geographic insulation was the main contributor to clustering.

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In vitro propagation of myco-heterotrophic Gastrodia elata

Cited by 21 publications

References 12 publications

Dynamics of fungal communities during Gastrodia elata growth

Dynamics of fungal communities during Gastrodia elata growth

Comparative transcriptome analysis of Gastrodia elata (Orchidaceae) in response to fungus symbiosis to identify gastrodin biosynthesis-related genes

Simultaneous Qualitative Assessment and Quantitative Analysis of Metabolites (Phenolics, Nucleosides and Amino Acids) from the Roots of Fresh Gastrodia elata Using UPLC-ESI-Triple Quadrupole Ion MS and ESI- Linear Ion Trap High-Resolution MS

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