In vitro Propagation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi May Drive Fungal Evolution

Kokkoris, Vasilis; Hart, Miranda M.

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02420

Cited by 32 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 127 publications

(152 reference statements)

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“…The rarity of the dikaryosis in AMF in culture collection is surprising given that that strains that coexist in natural environments can exchange nucleotypes, and in some cases, almost 20% of root organ cultures produced using spores isolated from agricultural fields eventually turned out to be ''dikaryotic.'' 2,13,34 The majority of the strains analyzed here originated from natural areas (see Table S2) and then maintained under in vitro conditions for many years (ranging from 7 to 23 years). It is thus possible that the artificial in vitro environment could preserve only AMF dikaryons with the most compatible genotypes, while quickly leading others to homokaryosis over time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host identity influences nuclear dynamics in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

et al. 2021

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host identity influences nuclear dynamics in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

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“…AMF inoculants consisting of consortium of P-solubilizing and N-fixing bacteria will be an added value for the industry. Moreover, long-term in vitro propagation of AMF has the potential to domesticate AMF species and alter their genetic functionalities, but co-culture with other microbes can help to mitigate putative genetic variation and function by activating AMF genes that would otherwise be silent or deleted [ 52 ]. Although inoculants containing beneficial microbes may confer many benefits to crops, more work needs to be done to characterize and isolate complementary growth-promoting bacteria for AMF inoculant production.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Inoculant Benchmarks

2020

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Growing evidence showed that efficient acquisition and use of nutrients by crops is controlled by root-associated microbiomes. Efficient management of this system is essential to improving crop yield, while reducing the environmental footprint of crop production. Both endophytic and rhizospheric microorganisms can directly promote crop growth, increasing crop yield per unit of soil nutrients. A variety of plant symbionts, most notably the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and phosphate-potassium-solubilizing microorganisms entered the era of large-scale applications in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. The purpose of this study is to compile data to give a complete and comprehensive assessment and an update of mycorrhizal-based inoculant uses in agriculture in the past, present, and future. Based on available data, 68 mycorrhizal products from 28 manufacturers across Europe, America, and Asia were examined on varying properties such as physical forms, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal composition, number of active ingredients, claims of purpose served, mode of application, and recommendation. Results show that 90% of the products studied are in solid formula—powder (65%) and granular (25%), while only 10% occur in liquid formula. We found that 100% of the products are based on the Glomeraceae of which three species dominate among all the products in the order of Rhizophagus irregularis (39%), Funneliformis mosseae (21%), Claroideoglomus etunicatum (16%). Rhizophagus clarus is the least common among all the benchmark products. One third of the products is single species AMF and only 19% include other beneficial microbes. Of the sampled products, 44% contain AMF only while the rest are combined with varying active ingredients. Most of the products (84%) claimed to provide plant nutrient benefits. Soil application dominates agricultural practices of the products and represents 47%. A substantial amount of the inoculants were applied in cereal production. Recommended application doses varied extensively per plant, seed and hectare. AMF inoculant seed coating accounted for 26% of the products’ application and has great potential for increased inoculation efficiency over large-scale production due to minimum inoculum use. More applied research should also be conducted on the possible combination of AMF with other beneficial microbes.

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“…Martin-Robles and colleagues [166] have linked the loss of symbiotic colonization with plant domestication. Indeed, failure to colonize is common, making domesticated strains addicted to artificial fertilization [167,168]. Moreover, the lack of myccorhizal fungus may make the domesticated plants more susceptible to pathogenic fungi [169].…”

Section: Loss Of Symbioses Affect Public Health Through Environmental Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a Symbiotic Perspective on Public Health: Recognizing the Ambivalence of Microbes in the Anthropocene

Sariola

Gilbert

2020

Microorganisms

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Microbes evolve in complex environments that are often fashioned, in part, by human desires. In a global perspective, public health has played major roles in structuring how microbes are perceived, cultivated, and destroyed. The germ theory of disease cast microbes as enemies of the body and the body politic. Antibiotics have altered microbial development by providing stringent natural selection on bacterial species, and this has led to the formation of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Public health perspectives such as “Precision Public Health” and “One Health” have recently been proposed to further manage microbial populations. However, neither of these take into account the symbiotic relationships that exist between bacterial species and between bacteria, viruses, and their eukaryotic hosts. We propose a perspective on public health that recognizes microbial evolution through symbiotic associations (the hologenome theory) and through lateral gene transfer. This perspective has the advantage of including both the pathogenic and beneficial interactions of humans with bacteria, as well as combining the outlook of the “One Health” model with the genomic methodologies utilized in the “Precision Public Health” model. In the Anthropocene, the conditions for microbial evolution have been altered by human interventions, and public health initiatives must recognize both the beneficial (indeed, necessary) interactions of microbes with their hosts as well as their pathogenic interactions.

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In vitro Propagation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi May Drive Fungal Evolution

Cited by 32 publications

References 127 publications

Host identity influences nuclear dynamics in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Host identity influences nuclear dynamics in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Analysis of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Inoculant Benchmarks

Toward a Symbiotic Perspective on Public Health: Recognizing the Ambivalence of Microbes in the Anthropocene

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