In vitro laboratory analyses of commercial anti-scorpion (Mesobuthus tamulus) antivenoms reveal their quality and safety but the prevalence of a low proportion of venom-specific antibodies

A Novel Therapeutic Formulation for the Improved Treatment of Indian Red Scorpion (Mesobuthus tamulus) Venom-Induced Toxicity-Tested in Caenorhabditis elegans and Rodent Models

“…Our present study revealed that MTV-induced toxicity (increased ROS production and depolarisation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential) was better neutralised by AAA than commercial ASACommercial ASA generally neutralizes scorpion venom toxicity [50,51]. However, our previous study has revealed that a high concentration of ASA (1:60; venom: antivenom) was required to neutralise (in vitro) the toxicity of MTV; the reason may be due to the presence of a low abundance of venom-specific antibodies (5.36-6.29%) in commercial ASAs [14]. Due to their insufficient venom-specific antibodies and some adverse side effects (e.g., hypersensitivity, anaphylactic reactions, serum sickness, etc.)…”

“…However, the efficacy and quality of the ASA are significant concerns for successful antivenom therapy against scorpion stings [2]. Furthermore, the failure of commercial ASA to immunorecognise the most abundant low molecular toxins of MTV due to the presence of a low proportion of venomspecific antibodies in commercial ASAs is another hurdle for efficient hospital management of scorpion sting victims [2,14]. Therefore, a higher volume of ASA must be administered to scorpion sting patients, which can cause adverse serum reactions in treated patients [15].…”