In Vitro Isolation and Characterization of a Calicivirus Causing a Vesicular Disease of the Hands and Feet

Smith, Alvin W.; Berry, Eugene S.; Skilling, Douglas E.; Barlough, Jeffrey E.; Poet, S E; Berke, Tamás; Mead, Jay H.; Matson, David O.

doi:10.1086/516311

Cited by 58 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The epidemics of VESV in North America from the 1930s to 1950s were shown by classical virological investigations to be serotypes of marine origin (56,57,65). SMSV was also found in vesicular lesions in humans, and antibodies were detected in blood donors (54,55).…”

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confidence: 97%

The Fecal Viral Flora of California Sea Lions

Shan

Wang³

et al. 2011

J Virol

178

149

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California sea lions are one of the major marine mammal species along the Pacific coast of North America. Sea lions are susceptible to a wide variety of viruses, some of which can be transmitted to or from terrestrial mammals. Using an unbiased viral metagenomic approach, we surveyed the fecal virome in California sea lions of different ages and health statuses. Averages of 1.6 and 2.5 distinct mammalian viral species were shed by pups and juvenile sea lions, respectively. Previously undescribed mammalian viruses from four RNA virus families (Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, and Reoviridae) and one DNA virus family (Parvoviridae) were characterized. The first complete or partial genomes of sapeloviruses, sapoviruses, noroviruses, and bocavirus in marine mammals are reported. Astroviruses and bocaviruses showed the highest prevalence and abundance in California sea lion feces. The diversity of bacteriophages was higher in unweaned sea lion pups than in juveniles and animals in rehabilitation, where the phage community consisted largely of phages related to the family Microviridae. This study increases our understanding of the viral diversity in marine mammals, highlights the high rate of enteric viral infections in these highly social carnivores, and may be used as a baseline viral survey for comparison with samples from California sea lions during unexplained disease outbreaks.California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) have a population of approximately 240,000 and along with seals and walruses are members of the subgroup Pinnipedia in the suborder Caniformia in the order Carnivora. They inhabit mainland shorelines and coastal islands along the west coast of North America and migrate along the coast during the nonbreeding season. California sea lions are strict carnivores, eating a variety of marine prey, including more than 50 species of fishes and cephalopods. Sea lion pups start eating fish at about 5 months of age, in addition to their mother's milk; are weaned at 10 to 12 months old; and can live up to 15 to 25 years. California sea lions are gregarious animals, forming large rookeries at breeding sites, and aggregate at high densities on haul-out sites (7).California sea lions share beaches and coastal waters with humans, often resting on human-made structures such as docks and boats, and are affected by pathogens and chemicals that enter coastal waters through runoff and sewage outfalls (5). Features of California sea lions, including their large population, wide geographic distribution and migration, gregarious nature, long life span, and shared environment with humans, may favor the transmission of viruses among themselves and to and/or from humans and other mammals.A commonly reported sea lion virus is San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV), a calicivirus in the genus Vesivirus. SMSV was first isolated from California sea lions from San Miguel Island in 1972 (53). SMSV causes vesicular lesions of the skin and mucosa, abortion, pneumonia, and encephalitis in sea lions and is transmissible to sw...

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confidence: 97%

The Fecal Viral Flora of California Sea Lions

Shan

Wang³

et al. 2011

J Virol

178

149

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“…Recent studies have indicated that some animal caliciviruses are capable of crossing species barriers and potentially use humans as their hosts. One serotype of SMSV was reported to infect humans (51,53). The zoonotic potential of feline calicivirus has been suggested by the observation of a human antibody against it (53).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…At least 16 serotypes of SMSV have been identified, of which serotypes 1 and 4 have been further characterized (40). One serotype of SMSV has a list of several natural hosts that includes seals, cattle, whales, donkeys, and humans (51). A unique feature of vesiviruses is that the capsid protein present in the mature virion is a cleaved product of the capsid protein precursor encoded by the second ORF (5,15,56).…”

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confidence: 99%

Inter- and Intragenus Structural Variations in Caliciviruses and Their Functional Implications

Chen¹,

Neill

Noel

et al. 2004

J Virol

124

108

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The family Caliciviridae is divided into four genera and consists of single-stranded RNA viruses with hosts ranging from humans to a wide variety of animals. Human caliciviruses are the major cause of outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis, whereas animal caliciviruses cause various host-dependent illnesses with a documented potential for zoonoses. To investigate inter-and intragenus structural variations and to provide a better understanding of the structural basis of host specificity and strain diversity, we performed structural studies of the recombinant capsid of Grimsby virus, the recombinant capsid of Parkville virus, and San Miguel sea lion virus serotype 4 (SMSV4), which are representative of the genera Norovirus (genogroup 2), Sapovirus, and Vesivirus, respectively. A comparative analysis of these structures was performed with that of the recombinant capsid of Norwalk virus, a prototype member of Norovirus genogroup 1. Although these capsids share a common architectural framework of 90 dimers of the capsid protein arranged on a T‫3؍‬ icosahedral lattice with a modular domain organization of the subunit consisting of a shell (S) domain and a protrusion (P) domain, they exhibit distinct differences. The distally located P2 subdomain of P shows the most prominent differences both in shape and in size, in accordance with the observed sequence variability. Another major difference is in the relative orientation between the S and P domains, particularly between those of noroviruses and other caliciviruses. Despite being a human pathogen, the Parkville virus capsid shows more structural similarity to SMSV4, an animal calicivirus, suggesting a closer relationship between sapoviruses and animal caliciviruses. These comparative structural studies of caliciviruses provide a functional rationale for the unique modular domain organization of the capsid protein with an embedded flexibility reminiscent of an antibody structure. The highly conserved S domain functions to provide an icosahedral scaffold; the hypervariable P2 subdomain may function as a replaceable module to confer host specificity and strain diversity; and the P1 subdomain, located between S and P2, provides additional fine-tuning to position the P2 subdomain.

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“…Vesivirus infection has been documented in humans in more occasions and in a multiplicity of clinical outcomes (encephalitis, hepatitis, myocarditis, pneumonia, spontaneous abortion and dermatitis) [10][11][12]. Also, antibodies to marine and terrestrial vesiviruses and vesivirus genome sequences have been detected in blood donors in the United States [13].…”

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confidence: 99%

Genetic heterogeneity of porcine enteric caliciviruses identified from diarrhoeic piglets

et al. 2008

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Enteric caliciviruses (noroviruses and sapoviruses) are responsible for the majority of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans of all age groups. Analysis of the polymerase and capsid genes has provided evidence for a huge genetic diversity, but the understanding of their ecology is limited. In this study, we investigated the presence of porcine enteric caliciviruses in the faeces of piglets with diarrhoea. A total of 209 samples from 118 herds were analyszd and calicivirus RNA was detected by RT-PCR in 68 sample (32.5%) and in 46 herds (38.9%), alone or in mixed infection with group A and C rotaviruses. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the calicivirus-positive samples characterized the majority as genogroup III (GGIII) sapoviruses. Unclassified caliciviruses, distantly related to the representatives of the other sapovirus genogroups, were identified in five herds, while one outbreak was associated with a porcine sapovirus related genetically to human GGII and GGIV sapovirus strains. By converse, norovirus strains were not detected. Altogether, these data suggest the epidemiological relevance of porcine enteric caliciviruses and suggest a role in the etiology of piglets diarrhoea.

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In Vitro Isolation and Characterization of a Calicivirus Causing a Vesicular Disease of the Hands and Feet

Cited by 58 publications

References 2 publications

The Fecal Viral Flora of California Sea Lions

The Fecal Viral Flora of California Sea Lions

Inter- and Intragenus Structural Variations in Caliciviruses and Their Functional Implications

Genetic heterogeneity of porcine enteric caliciviruses identified from diarrhoeic piglets

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