In Vitro Investigation of the Antibacterial Activity of Nine Commercial Water Disinfectants, Acidifiers, and Glyceride Blends against the Most Important Poultry Zoonotic Bacteria

Abstract

Identifying and monitoring the efficiency of alternative biocides that are presently used in livestock is gaining vast attention. The objective of this study was to determine, in vitro, the antibacterial activity of nine commercial water disinfectants, acidifiers, and glyceride blends against clinical isolates or reference strains of zoonotic pathogens belonging to the genera Escherichia spp., Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Listeria spp., and Staphylococcus spp. For each product, the antibacterial activity was tested in concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 1.136% v/v and expressed as the minimum concentration of the product that inhibits bacterial growth (MIC). Water disinfectants Cid 2000™ and Aqua-clean® recorded MICs ranging from 0.002 to 0.142% v/v, while the lowest MICs were recorded at two strains of Campylobacter (0.002–0.004% v/v). Virkon® S displayed various MICs (0.013–0.409% w/v) and was highly effective at suppressing the growth of Gram-positive bacteria such as S. aureus (0.013–0.026% w/v). The MICs of water acidifiers (Agrocid Super™Oligo, Premium acid, and Ultimate acid) and glyceride blends (CFC Floramix, FRA®LAC34, and FRA®Gut Balance) ranged from 0.036 to 1.136% v/v, and for most of these products, MICs were closely correlated by their ability to modify the pH of the culture medium close to 5. In conclusion, most of the tested products showed promising antibacterial activity; as a result, they would be good candidates for pathogen control in poultry farms and for reducing the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. However, further in vivo studies are recommended to provide relevant information for the underlying mechanisms, as well as for the establishment of the optimal dosage scheme for each product and their possible synergies.

Investigation of the Effect of Three Commercial Water Acidifiers on the Performance, Gut Health, and Campylobacter jejuni Colonization in Experimentally Challenged Broiler Chicks

“…The rise in annually reported human infections and the evermore frequent isolation of antimicrobial-resistant C. jejuni strains from humans, animals, and the environment [ 8 , 9 ] emphasize the urgent demand for the development of “alternative-to-antibiotics” biocides [ 10 ] and for the establishment of control strategies in line with the “One Health” approach [ 11 ]. Health organizations are showing an increased interest in alternative biocides, including organic acids, phytogenics, probiotics, and prebiotics.…”

The In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Phytogenic and Acid-Based Eubiotics against Major Foodborne Zoonotic Poultry Pathogens

“…Salmonella Typhimurium DT 120, a pathogenic strain isolated during a salmonellosis outbreak in Denmark after consumption of turkey meat. Salmonella Typhimurium U292 is a pathogenic strain isolated during an outbreak in Denmark from a patient with gastrointestinal symptoms [ 33 ].…”

“…It was originally isolated from a cow brain. Finally, Listeria monocytogenes S1, a serotype 1/2a wild strain, was isolated from raw chicken meat [ 33 ].…”

“…Several studies have reported the antimicrobial activity of individual/or blends of essential oils or organic acids [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. However, the antimicrobial activity of commercial products containing “blends” of the above-mentioned categories is rarely reported.…”

Investigation of Potential Gut Health Biomarkers in Broiler Chicks Challenged by Campylobacter jejuni and Submitted to a Continuous Water Disinfection Program

“…in broiler production [11]. On the other hand, there are several commercially available acid-based products used for water sanitation in poultry farms, that have been mentioned in previous in vitro studies for their anti-Campylobacter activity [14,15]. These products are used for the "deep cleaning" of the water supply system (when birds are absent) as well as for improving the quality of drinking water (when birds are present).…”