In vitro hepatotoxicity assessment of Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng. aqueous leaf extract

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Lippia javanica leaves are popular in traditional food, medicine and for insecticidal uses in various Africa countries and North-East India. Anecdotal evidence suggests that it is safe to use but limited animal studies suggested potential toxicity at high dosages, including hepatotoxicity. Aim of the study: To screen for potential hepatotoxicity of L. javanica leaf extracts in vitro, thereby contributing to its toxicological profile for safe use in food and topical applications. Materials and methods: High content analysis techniques and fluorescent dyes were used to monitor C3A hepatocarcinoma cells for changes in morphological features that are associated with development of mitotoxicity, steatosis, oxidative stress, and lysosomal dysfunction. Results: No changes were observed in cell viability, reactive oxygen species or lysosomal content at concentrations up to 200 μg/ml in C3A cells. Mitochondrial membrane potential was reduced by approximately 10% but this effect was not dose-dependent nor was it accompanied by a reduction in mitochondrial content. A dose-dependent decrease was observed in neutral lipid content. Conclusion: The results from this in vitro study suggest that L. javanica leaf extracts is not anticipated to be hepatotoxic at concentrations in the range that is assumed for food or topical use.