In vitro genotoxicity assessment of the synthetic plant growth regulator, 1-naphthaleneacetamide

Abstract

1-Naphthaleneacetamide (NAAm) is a synthetic plant growth regulator in the auxin family that is widely used in agriculture to promote the growth of numerous fruits, for root cuttings and as a fruit thinning agent. The potential genotoxic effects of NAAm were investigated in vitro by the chromosome aberrations (CAs), and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assays in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) for the first time. The human PBLs were treated with 20, 40, 80, and 160 lg/mL of NAAm for 24 and 48 h. The results of this study showed that NAAm significantly induced the formation of structural CA and MN for all concentrations (20, 40, 80 and 160 lg/mL) and treatment periods (24 and 48 h) when compared with the negative and the solvent control. In addition, the higher concentrations of NAAm (80 and 160 lg/mL) caused a statistically significant increase in nuclear bud (NBUD) formation for both 24 and 48 h treatment times. With regard to the cell cycle kinetics, at all the tested concentrations, NAAm caused a statistically significant reduction in the mitotic index (MI) only for 48 h treatment period and also in the nuclear division index (NDI) for both 24 and 48 h treatment periods as compared to the control groups. The reductions in the MI and NDI occured in a concentration-dependent manner for both treatment times. In conclusion, the present results indicate that in the tested experimental conditions, NAAm was genotoxic and cytotoxic on human PBLs in vitro.

Distal Weak Coordination of Acetamides in Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed C−H Activation Processes

“…Fori nstance,a tenolol is as elective b 1 -receptor antagonist primarily used for cardiovascular diseases, [1] while 1-naphthaleneacetamide serves as an auxin for rooting hormone. [2] As aconsequence,there is acontinued high demand for general strategies that provide access to substituted arylacetamides in as ustainable fashion.In recent years,catalyzed C À Hactivation has emerged as at ransformative tool for molecular syntheses. [3] While direct functionalizations of simple benzamides have thus been accomplished, [4] CÀHa ctivations of distal weakly coordinating acetamides via unfavorable six-membered metallacycles continue to be scarce,w ith pioneering contributions in palladium catalysis by Yu,M aiti, and Dong, among others.…”

“…Fori nstance,a tenolol is as elective b 1 -receptor antagonist primarily used for cardiovascular diseases, [1] while 1-naphthaleneacetamide serves as an auxin for rooting hormone. [2] As aconsequence,there is acontinued high demand for general strategies that provide access to substituted arylacetamides in as ustainable fashion.…”

“…We initiated our studies by probing various reaction parameters for the envisioned oxidative CÀHo lefination of challenging arylacetamide 1a (Table 1). We were pleased to observe that cationic ruthenium(II) carboxylate [11a] complexes,t hat were generated in situ from [RuCl 2 (p-cymene)] 2 and Cu(OAc) 2 ·H 2 O, displayed outstanding performance. Biomass-derived g-valerolactone (GVL) [11b] and tetrahydrofuran (THF) emerged as the optimal solvents (entries 1-8).…”

Does 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) induce genotoxic effects in tissue cultured Allium roots?

“…The reduction in the MI clearly indicates the mitodepressive and cytotoxic effects of 2,4-D in the present experiment. Similarly, Kocaman and Güven (2015) found that 1-naphthaleneacetamide (NAAm) caused statistically significant reduction both in the MI after 48 h treatment period and in the nuclear division index (NDI) after 24 and 48 h treatment periods as compared to the control groups.…”

Uji Beberapa Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Terhadap Pertumbuhan Setek Lada Perdu (Piper nigrum L.)

“…Sedangkan ZPT sintetis merupakan alternatif dari penggunaan ZPT alami, karena daya kerja yang jauh lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan ZPT alami. Akan tetapi memiliki kelemahan tidak ramah lingkungan (Kocaman and Güven, 2016 Berdasarkan Tabel 8, terlihat bahwa bobot kering akar tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan ekstrak bonggol pisang yang pengaruhnya berbeda nyata dengan perlakuan lainnya, kecuali dengan pemberian perlakuan Rootone-F dan air kelapa muda.…”