In vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of benzalkonium chloride

Deutschle, Tom; Porkert, Ute Anni; Reiter, Rudolf; Keck, Tilman; Riechelmann, Herbert

doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2006.07.006

Cited by 80 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This finding is consistent with the study conducted by Deutchle et al whose study concluded that BAC exhibited no cytotoxic effect at 20 mg/L [31]. Although BAC was shown to be toxic to cells from 50 to 100 mg/L, it lost its toxicity at the critical micelle concentration (CMC), which was found to be 200 mg/L [31]. It is unclear, however, why the micelle formation would diminish the toxicity level and how cells would respond to that.…”

Section: Cytotoxicity Effect Of Bacsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…It thus can be concluded that BAC at low concentrations (<100 μg/L) is not toxic to cells. This finding is consistent with the study conducted by Deutchle et al whose study concluded that BAC exhibited no cytotoxic effect at 20 mg/L [31]. Although BAC was shown to be toxic to cells from 50 to 100 mg/L, it lost its toxicity at the critical micelle concentration (CMC), which was found to be 200 mg/L [31].…”

Section: Cytotoxicity Effect Of Bacsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Benzalkonium Chloride Sterilization of Nonwoven Fibrous Scaffolds for Astrocyte Culture

Ng¹,

Gurm²,

Yang

2009

TOBIOTJ

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Abstract:Tissue engineering is an emerging field in biomedicine, holding enormous promise for regenerative medicine. Scaffolds, within which cells proliferate, are a controlling factor in tissue engineering applications. Upon fabrication, tissue scaffolds must undergo appropriate sterilization to eliminate contaminants. Current sterilization methods are either costly, time consuming, or ineffective. In this study, a quaternary salt, benzalkonium chloride (BAC), was used as a chemical agent for sterilization of nonwoven polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers and polylactic acid nanofibers. Treating the PET scaffolds with 0.1% (w/v) BAC for only 2 minutes was effective to eliminate bacterial contaminants in the fibrous matrices. In addition, astrocyte cells were successfully cultured in the PET scaffolds following BAC sterilization, demonstrating the suitability of BAC as a sterilization agent. This chemical sterilization method is also mild and nonabrasive to nanostructured materials such as electrospun polylactic acid nanofibers.

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Section: Cytotoxicity Effect Of Bacsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Cytotoxicity Effect Of Bacsupporting

confidence: 92%

Benzalkonium Chloride Sterilization of Nonwoven Fibrous Scaffolds for Astrocyte Culture

Ng¹,

Gurm²,

Yang

2009

TOBIOTJ

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“…Another way to equip grafts with anti-infective agents is to use cationic surfactants such as benzalkonium chloride (19), but cytotoxicity studies have demonstrated that these surfactants, often used as preservatives in pharmaceutical preparations, show a high cytotoxic potential even at low concentrations (9,22), and drug choice is limited due to charge dependency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Anti-Infective Coatings of Medical Implants

Matl

Obermeier

Repmann³

et al. 2008

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Implantable devices are highly susceptible to infection and are therefore a major risk in surgery. The present work presents a novel strategy to prevent the formation of a biofilm on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts. PTFE grafts were coated with gentamicin and teicoplanin incorporated into different lipid-like carriers under aseptic conditions in a dipping process. Poly-D,L-lactic acid, tocopherol acetate, the diglyceride Softisan 649, and the triglyceride Dynasan 118 were used as drug carriers. The drug release kinetics, anti-infective characteristics, biocompatibility, and hemocompatibility of the coatings developed were studied. All coatings showed an initial drug burst, followed by a low continuous drug release over 96 h. The dimension of release kinetics depended on the carrier used. All coated prostheses reduced bacterial growth drastically over 24 h, even below pathologically relevant concentrations. Different cytotoxic levels could be observed, revealing tocopherol acetate as the most promising biocompatible carrier. A possible reason for the highly cytotoxic effect of Softisan 649 could be assessed by demonstrating incorporated lipids in the cell soma with Oil Red O staining. Tromboelastography studies, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and an amidolytic substrate assay could confirm the hemocompatibility of individual coatings. The development of the biodegradable drug delivery systems described here and in vitro studies of those systems highlight the most important requirements for effective as well as compatible anti-infective coatings of PTFE grafts. Through continuous local release, high drug levels can be produced at only the targeted area and physiological bacterial proliferation can be completely inhibited, while biocompatibility as well as hemocompatibility can be ensured.A major risk associated with surgical placement of medical implants such as endoprostheses or vascular prostheses is their high infection rate (4,8). This is not only of prime importance for the patient but also imposes a high financial cost on the economy (21). Synthetic vascular grafts such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prostheses are easily accessible to pathogens, mostly Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. These pathogens colonize the implant by adhering to the patient's own proteins located on the surface of the graft and form a biofilm (1,14,16,23,34). The formation of biofilms on biomaterials presents challenging complications in the field of medical implants (2,12,24,28,30). In a biofilm, bacteria are well protected from the host immune defense. An increase in antibiotic resistance is the consequence (6,8,35); even high local concentrations of antibiotics do not completely eradicate bacteria in biofilms (8, 10). It is therefore of great importance to prevent bacterial adhesion on vascular grafts (7). This can be achieved by antibiotic surface coatings.There have been several approaches to equipping vascular grafts with anti-infective agents to prevent bacterial colonization. Different antim...

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“…As a consequence of this interaction, BAK has a very slow turnover in the eye, being retained in ocular tissues for up to 48 hrs after administration of a single drop . As a microbicidal agent, it not only demonstrated cell toxicity but also genotoxicity and mutagenesis potential (Deutschle et al 2006). A recent study showed that a BAK-preserved solution induces apoptosis in in vitro human corneal epithelium (Pauly et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo confocal microscopy of conjunctiva in preservative‐free timolol 0.1% gel formulation therapy for glaucoma

Frezzotti

Fogagnolo

Haka

et al. 2013

Acta Ophthalmologica

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ABSTRACT.Purpose: To evaluate the effects at 1 year of preservative-free timolol gel and preserved timolol eye drops on conjunctiva and tear parameters. Methods: Forty patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension were randomized to the two treatment groups and compared with 20 healthy age-matched controls. Clinical tests (IOP, Schirmer I test, and lacrimal film break-up time BUT) and in vivo conjunctival confocal microscopy (IVCM) were performed in all patients at baseline and after 12 months. IVCM (HRT II Rostock Cornea Module; Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) was performed after topical anaesthesia in the four cardinal locations and at the corresponding limbus to analyse conjunctiva cells. The main IVCM outcomes were goblet cell density and epithelial regularity. Results: IVCM and clinical parameters were similar in the three groups at baseline. After 12 months, intra-epithelial goblet cell density was significantly lower in the preserved (48.25 AE 7.70) than in the preservative-free beta-blocker group (86.83 AE 22.17, p < 0.001) and controls (88.9 AE 18.33, p < 0.001). The epithelial layer was significantly more regular in the preserved beta-blocker medication group than in the preservative-free beta-blocker group (p < 0.001) and the control group (p < 0.001). A significant reduction in both Schirmer I and BUT was found in the group of preserved timolol (respectively, 11.3 AE 2.97 and 8.12 AE 0.99) compared with preservative-free timolol (16.8 AE 1.83 and 11.27 AE 1.27, p < 0.001) and controls (17.8 AE 1.87 and 12.10 AE 1.28, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Based on our IVCM data, preservative-free beta-blocker gel induces less changes at ocular surface than preserved beta-blockers, a fact that should be considered to obtain less adverse effects and maximal adherence to treatment in a chronic condition such as glaucoma.

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In vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of benzalkonium chloride

Cited by 80 publications

References 26 publications

Benzalkonium Chloride Sterilization of Nonwoven Fibrous Scaffolds for Astrocyte Culture

Benzalkonium Chloride Sterilization of Nonwoven Fibrous Scaffolds for Astrocyte Culture

New Anti-Infective Coatings of Medical Implants

In vivo confocal microscopy of conjunctiva in preservative‐free timolol 0.1% gel formulation therapy for glaucoma

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