In vitro evidence for immune activating effect of specific AGE structures retained in uremia

Abstract

Genuine AGE compounds, as they are encountered in the uremic condition, activate leukocyte response, and hence could play a role in uremia related atherogenesis.

A Bench to Bedside View of Uremic Toxins

“…2 Glorieux et al studied the proinflammatory effect of several AGE compounds that are retained in uremia, Arg I (arginine modified with glyoxal), carboxyethyllysine, and carboxymethyllysine, demonstrating increased production of free radicals by monocytic cells. 20 It is interesting that one of the studied AGE (Arg II) had no effect at all on leukocytes, showing that the behavior of a number of compounds belonging to a specific group cannot automatically be extrapolated to all solutes of this group.…”

Oral Adsorbent AST-120 Decreases Serum Levels of AGEs in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure

“…There is a growing body of evidence that AGEs represent an important class of uremic toxins (2,10). Indeed, serum levels of AGEs are markedly elevated in patients with renal failure, thus raising the speculation that they have a role as cardiovascular risk factors in this population.…”

“…AGEs represent an important class of uremic toxins as well (2,10). Further, recently, diet-derived AGEs were found to play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (10)(11)(12).…”

“…These early glycation products undergo further complex reaction such as rearrangement, dehydration, and condensation to become irreversibly cross-linked, heterogeneous fluorescent derivatives, termed advanced glycation end products (AGEs) (1). The formation and accumulation of AGEs have been known to progress at an accelerated rate in diabetes and/or chronic renal failure (CRF) (2). Recent understanding of this process has confirmed that AGEs are implicated in the pathogenesis of accelerated atherosclerosis in these devastating disorders (3,4).…”

Ocena stężenia produków zaawansowanej glikacji białek i przeciwciał anty-CEL i anty-CML w surowicy pacjentów chorujących na orbitopatię Gravesa przed i po leczeniu metyloprednizolonem

“…Other AGEs such as N-e-(carboxyethyl) lysine (CEL), lactate lysine, pyrraline, pentosidine, and imidazoles are also frequently found, but also there are many others with unidentified structure and origin. Neoepitopes formed in glycation processes are recognised as foreign proteins by the B-and T-cell immune response [15,16]. The process of AGE formation is intensified by hyperglycaemia or an oxidative stress [17].…”