In Vitro Evaluation of Biological Activities of Canes and Pomace Extracts from Several Varieties of Vitis vinifera L. for Inclusion in Freeze-Drying Mouthwashes

Abstract

In this study, the biological activities of four extracts from Vitis vinifera by-products: two pomace extracts, white (WPE) and red (RPE), a canes extract (CE), and their combination (CoE), were evaluated, to be included in freeze-drying mouthwashes formulations. The cytocompatibility and anticancerous potential of the four extracts were tested on three cancerous cell lines, as well as the cytoprotective activity against nicotine-induced cytotoxicity and the antioxidant potential determined on a human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) cell line. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory activity and the antimicrobial activity against several microorganisms from the oral microbiome were tested. Freeze-dried mouthwashes with CoE were prepared and characterized, both as lyophilizates and after reconstitution. The four tested extracts showed the highest cytotoxicity on MDA-kb2 cell line. The antioxidant potential was demonstrated for WPE, RPE, CE, and CoE, both in non-stimulated and H2O2 stimulated conditions. The four extracts reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β) in a dose-dependent manner, confirming their anti-inflammatory activity. The antimicrobial activity of tested extracts was shown against pathogenic bacteria from the oral microbiome. Mouthwashes of CoE with poloxamer-407, xylitol, and different ratios of mannitol were prepared by freeze-drying leading to porous formulations with interesting mechanical properties and reconstitution times.

New Approaches on the Anti-Inflammatory and Cardioprotective Properties of Taraxacum officinale Tincture

“…The mass spectrometer operated in negative mode and nitrogen was used as a nebulising and dry gas. The nebuliser was positioned at 65 psi with the dry gas flow at 12 L /min at 350 °C [ 45 , 46 ]. The determination of polyphenolic acids with higher hydrophilic character (protocatechuic, vanillic, syringic acids) was employed with the same analytical conditions, but using a different binary gradient and compound in MS mode [ 47 ].…”

Grape Pomace Polyphenols as a Source of Compounds for Management of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation—A Possible Alternative for Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs?

“…At the dose of 300 µg/mL, both extracts significantly reduced IL-8 levels, but not even the highest dose did significantly reduce the levels of IL-6. In the case of IL-1β, the lowest dose, 100 µg/mL, reduced its level to a similar one found in the non-exposed cells, while the doses of 200 and 300 µg/mL reduced, even more, the levels of IL-1β [ 90 ].…”

“…An explanation for these inconstant findings, in which some of the antioxidant enzymes are not modified, is the ability of GP to enhance other antioxidant systems (GSC, GSH) [ 84 ] ( Table 1 ). Another in vitro study, of Pop et al (2022), investigated the antioxidant effect of red GP (mixture of Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Fetească Neagră, and Mamaia cultivars) and white GP (mixture of Sauvignon Blanc and Muscat Ottonel cultivars) added to a mouthwash on both H 2 O 2 exposed and non-exposed fibroblast cells [ 90 ]. They observed that both red grape pomace (RGP) and white grape pomace (WGP) decreased ROS levels in a dose-dependent matter (100 < 200 < 300 µg/mL).…”

“…They observed that both red grape pomace (RGP) and white grape pomace (WGP) decreased ROS levels in a dose-dependent matter (100 < 200 < 300 µg/mL). Similar to the non-exposed condition, in the presence of H 2 O 2 , red GP and white GP led to a significant decrease in ROS levels, the only difference being that while red GP effect was dose-dependent, and white GP produced a non-dependent action [ 90 ]. Moreover, they also studied the anti-inflammatory effects of these extracts on lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced inflammation in cells [ 90 ].…”

“…Similar to the non-exposed condition, in the presence of H 2 O 2 , red GP and white GP led to a significant decrease in ROS levels, the only difference being that while red GP effect was dose-dependent, and white GP produced a non-dependent action [ 90 ]. Moreover, they also studied the anti-inflammatory effects of these extracts on lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced inflammation in cells [ 90 ]. It was observed that while in the case of white GP a dose of 100 µg/mL was sufficient to induce a significant reduction of interleukin (IL) -8 levels, for red GP was necessary a higher dose of 200 µg/mL.…”