In vitro digestion of citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides (CITREM) and CITREM-containing infant formula/emulsions

Amara, Sawsan; Patin, Amaury; Giuffrida, Francesca; Wooster, Tim J.; Thakkar, Sagar K.; Bénarouche, Anaïs; Poncin, Isabelle; Robert, S.; Point, Vanessa; Molinari, Sacha; Gaussier, Hélène; Diomande, Sadia; Destaillats, Frédéric; Cruz‐Hernandez, Cristina; Carrière, Frédéric

doi:10.1039/c4fo00045e

Cited by 43 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…total fatty acids 38 . This food-grade anionic emulsifier mainly consists of the following main monoglycerides and diglycerides: 1,3-diacylglycerides (DAG), 1,2(2,3)-diacylglycerides (DAG), monoacylglycerides (MAG), and glycerol citrate fatty acid esters (GCFE).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperature triggering of kinetically trapped self-assemblies in citrem-phospholipid nanoparticles

Prajapati

Salentinig

Yaghmur

2018

Chemistry and Physics of Lipids

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In accordance with the composition given by the manufacturer, citrem contains 64% of mono-and di-glycerides and 36% of GCFE. In addition, it contains traces of triacylglycerides (TAG) and free fatty acids (FFA) 38 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature triggering of kinetically trapped self-assemblies in citrem-phospholipid nanoparticles

Prajapati

Salentinig

Yaghmur

2018

Chemistry and Physics of Lipids

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“…As a result, the structure of the infant formula emulsion is based on submicronic droplets (0.4–0.5 μm) stabilized by a neoformed membrane mainly based on milk proteins. Other non‐dairy tensioactives (vegetable lecithins, functionalized lecithins, or esters of partial glycerides mainly) can be added to stabilize the emulsion in some formulas; however, the non‐digestibility of some of these constituents, citric acid esters of mono‐ and diglycerides, was recently evidenced by Amara et al .…”

Section: Mimicking Human Milk Through the Addition Of Milk Lipid Fracmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant formula interface and fat source impact on neonatal digestion and gut microbiota

Bourlieu-Lacanal

Bouzerzour

Ferret‐Bernard

et al. 2015

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Human milk is generally recognized as the gold standard in neonatal nutrition. The structure andcomposition of human milk are better mimicked in infant formulas that include cow s milk lipids andmilk fat membrane extracts, which could also improve physiological properties. Nevertheless, very fewinfant formulas use cow' s milk lipids that are more expensive than vegetable lipids. The potential impactof milk lipid structure and composition on neonatal digestive hydrolysis, intestinal physiology, and gutmicrobiota was recently underlined by several scientific teams. In this context, the purpose of the presentreview was to summarize the specificity of composition and structure of human milk and to highlight therecent results on the modulation of infant formula interfacial composition and fat source on neonataldigestive hydrolysis, intestinal physiology, and gut microbiota. More specifically, the interfacialcomposition of model emulsions stabilized with milk polar lipids will be unraveled as well as the additionof apolar milk fat extracts in replacement to vegetable lipids in infant formulas. The impact of partiallyreplacing vegetable lipids by milk lipids stabilized by milk fat membranes was investigated in the piglets.This replacement in fluenced the neonatal intestinal physiology through the release of immune-modulatory lipids, the modulation of proteolysis, and the modification of gut microbiota.PracticalApplications:The potential development of infant formulas including cow’s milk lipid fractions with a structure closer to human milk is discussed. These more biomimetic formulas should result in enhanced nutritional benefits concerning neonatal digestive hydrolysis, physiology, and gut microbiota developmen

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“…These non-dairy tensioactive are notably used in hydrolyzed IF where tensioactive dairy protein can not play their stabilizing part. Indeed the non-digestibility of some of these constituents, citric acid esters of mono-and diglycerides, was recently evidenced by Amara et al (2014).…”

Section: Topical Issuementioning

confidence: 99%

Towards infant formula biomimetic of human milk structure and digestive behaviour

Bourlieu-Lacanal

Deglaire

Oliveira

et al. 2017

OCL

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-Lipids of human milk or infant formula convey most of the energy necessary to support the newborn growth. Until recently, infant formula chemical composition had been optimized but not their structure. And yet, more and more proofs of evidence have shown that lipids structure in human milk modulates digestion kinetics and is involved in metabolic programming. Indeed there is a striking difference of structure between human milk which is an emulsion based on dispersed milk fat globules (4 mm) secreted by the mammary gland and submicronic neoformed lipid droplets (0.5 mm) found in infant formula. These droplets result from a series of operation units. This difference of structure modifies digestion kinetics and emulsion disintegration in the intestinal tract of the newborn. This difference persists along gastric phase which is mainly dominated by acid and enzyme-induced aggregation. Lipid droplets size is thus the key parameter to control gastric lipolysis and emptying and intestinal lipolysis. This parameter also controls proteolysis since adsorbed proteins are more rapidly hydrolyzed than when in solution. In animal models, these differences of lipid structure would also impact digestive and immune systems' maturation and microbiota. Lipid structure during neonatal period would also be involved in the early programming of adipose tissues and metabolism. The supplementation of infant formulas with bovine milk fractions (milk fat globule membrane extracts, triacylglycerol) or recent development of large droplets infant formula, along with new fields of innovation in neonatal nutrition, are here reviewed.Keywords: human milk fat globules / lipid structure / infant formula / neonatal digestion / programming Résumé -Vers des formules infantiles mimant la structure et le profil de digestion du lait maternel.Les lipides laitiers du lait maternel ou de formules infantiles fournissent la plupart de l'énergie disponible pour la croissance du nouveau-né. Jusqu'alors, la composition chimique des formules infantiles a été optimisée mais pas leur structure. Or il est de plus en plus démontré que la structure des lipides dans le lait maternel module les cinétiques de digestion et participe à la pré-programmation métabolique. Il existe en effet une différence majeure entre les émulsions natives de globules gras laitiers (4 mm) sécrétées par la glande mammaire et la structure des lipides dans les formules infantiles qui résultent d'une succession d'opérations unitaires de transformation et sont constituées de gouttelettes submicroniques (0.5 mm) avec des interfaces néoformées. Cette différence de structure modifie les cinétiques de digestion et de déstructuration des émulsions dans le tractus digestif des nouveau-nés. De façon générale, la différence de structure initiale entre lait maternel et formules infantiles se maintient pendant toute la phase gastrique, qui est surtout dominée par des mécanismes d'agrégation acide et enzymatique. La taille des gouttelettes est le paramètre clé pour contrôler les lipolyses gastri...

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In vitro digestion of citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides (CITREM) and CITREM-containing infant formula/emulsions

Cited by 43 publications

References 26 publications

Temperature triggering of kinetically trapped self-assemblies in citrem-phospholipid nanoparticles

Temperature triggering of kinetically trapped self-assemblies in citrem-phospholipid nanoparticles

Infant formula interface and fat source impact on neonatal digestion and gut microbiota

Towards infant formula biomimetic of human milk structure and digestive behaviour

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