In vitro culture of Parascaris equorum larvae and initial investigation of parasite excretory-secretory products

Burk, S.V.; Dangoudoubiyam, Sriveny; Brewster-Barnes, Tammy; Bryant, Uneeda K.; Howe, Daniel K.; Carter, Craig N.; Vanzant, E.S.; Harmon, Robert J.; Kazacos, Kevin R.; Rossano, M.G.

doi:10.1007/s00436-014-4097-0

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…suum worms without CO2 (Weisblat and Russel, 1976;Brownlee et al 1997;Chehayeb et al 2014;McCoy et al 2015). Jansen et al (2013) maintained P. equorum adult worms without 5% CO2 while Burk et al (2014) cultured second and third larval stages of P. equorum under 5% CO2 conditions, but not the adult worms. Based on these reports, it appears that adult worms may not require CO2, but this had not been specifically evaluated for Parascaris spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long live the worms: methods for maintaining and assessing the viability of intestinal stages of Parascaris spp. in vitro

et al. 2018

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In vitro maintenance of helminth parasites enables a variety of molecular, pharmaceutical and immunological analyses. Currently, the nutritional and environmental in vitro requirements of the equine ascarid parasite, Parascaris spp., have not been determined. Additionally, an objective method for assessing viability of Parascaris spp. intestinal stages does not exist. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the in vitro requirements of intestinal stages of Parascaris spp., and to develop a viability assessment method. A total of 1045 worms were maintained in a total of 212 cultures. Worms obtained from naturally infected foals at necropsy were immediately placed in culture flasks containing 200 mL of culture media. A variety of media types, nutrient supplementation and environmental conditions were examined. A motility-based scoring system was used to assess worm viability. Worms maintained in Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 had significantly better viability than any other media (P < 0.0001) and all media types supplemented with any of the nutrients examined (P < 0.0001). The use of a platform rocker also significantly improved viability (P = 0.0305). This is the first study to examine the requirements for maintaining Parascaris spp. intestinal stages in vitro and to evaluate their viability based on movement using an objective scoring system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, only two studies have reported the in vitro maintenance of Parascaris spp. Burk et al (2014) reported culturing of larval stages and maintenance of adult stages to investigate the production of excretory-secretory products. In that study, two adult worms were maintained in RPMI-1640 medium at 37˚C for five days.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long live the worms: methods for maintaining and assessing the viability of intestinal stages of Parascaris spp. in vitro

et al. 2018

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“…; Burk et al . ) have not yet led to a validated diagnostic tool similar to that developed for diagnosis of A. suum infection in pigs (Vlaminck et al . ).…”

Section: Diagnostic Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Attempts to evaluate serological responses to Parascaris spp. infection (V€ ollger et al 2012;Burk et al 2014) have not yet led to a validated diagnostic tool similar to that developed for diagnosis of A. suum infection in pigs (Vlaminck et al 2012). Serological diagnosis of Parascaris spp.…”

Section: Diagnostic Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence‐based considerations for control of Parascaris spp. infections in horses

Nielsen

2015

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary Parascaris spp. infection is virtually ubiquitous in young foals and worm burdens can achieve high numbers. The most important disease manifestation is impaction of the small intestine, which occurs in a small proportion of infected foals but is associated with a guarded prognosis for survival. Control of Parascaris spp. is complicated by emerging resistance to currently available anthelmintic drug classes. Resistance to macrocyclic lactones has been reported worldwide and a few studies have also documented signs of resistance to pyrantel salts and benzimidazoles. Foals generally develop immunity to Parascaris spp. parasites around age 6 months, but a proportion of weanlings and yearlings can harbour smaller burdens at age 8–10 months. Older horses have occasionally been reported with substantial ascarid burdens as well. Qualitative detection of ascarid eggs has good diagnostic value whereas an actual egg count does not correlate well with the size of the worm burden. A recent investigation documented the applicability of a transabdominal ultrasound technique for semiquantitatively monitoring ascarid burdens in foals. Control of ascarids is complicated by the limited drug classes available for treating this parasite, and by the fact that foals are often concurrently infected with strongyles. In many cases, none of the 3 available anthelmintic classes are simultaneously effective against both parasite groups, so close monitoring is required to select the most appropriate anthelmintic in each case.

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The equine ascarids: resuscitating historic model organisms for modern purposes

Cain

Nielsen

2022

Parasitol Res

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The equine ascarids, Parascaris spp., are important nematode parasites of juvenile horses and were historically model organisms in the field of cell biology, leading to many important discoveries, and are used for the study of chromatin diminution. In veterinary parasitology, Parascaris spp. are important not only because they can cause clinical disease in young horses but also because they are the only ascarid parasites to have developed widespread anthelmintic resistance. Despite this, much of the general biology and mechanisms of anthelmintic resistance are poorly understood. This review condenses known basic biological information and knowledge on the mechanisms of anthelmintic resistance in Parascaris spp., highlighting the importance of foundational research programs. Although two variants of this parasite were recognized based on the number of chromosomes in the 1870s and suggested to be two species in 1890, one of these, P. univalens , appears to have been largely forgotten in the veterinary scientific literature over the past 100 years. We describe how this omission has had a century-long effect on nomenclature and data analysis in the field, highlighting the importance of proper specimen identification in public repositories. A summary of important basic biology, including life cycle, in vitro maintenance, and immunology, is given, and areas of future research for the improvement of knowledge and development of new systems are given. Finally, the limited knowledge regarding anthelmintic resistance in Parascaris spp. is summarized, along with caution regarding assumptions that resistance mechanisms can be applied across clades.

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In vitro culture of Parascaris equorum larvae and initial investigation of parasite excretory-secretory products

Cited by 15 publications

References 25 publications

Long live the worms: methods for maintaining and assessing the viability of intestinal stages of Parascaris spp. in vitro

Long live the worms: methods for maintaining and assessing the viability of intestinal stages of Parascaris spp. in vitro

Evidence‐based considerations for control of Parascaris spp. infections in horses

The equine ascarids: resuscitating historic model organisms for modern purposes

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