In vitro comparison of antimicrobial activity of conventional fluoride varnishes containing xylitol and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate

Abstract

Objective:Different fluoride varnishes are used for the prevention of dental caries. The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial effect of different fluoride varnishes, containing xylitol and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), on Streptococcus mutans.Materials and Methods:In this in vitro study, the antibacterial effects of four varnishes, namely Polimo and V-varnish (containing xylitol), MI varnish (containing CPP-ACP), and Preventa, were evaluated against S. mutans. The disc diffusion method was used for testing the bacterial sensitivity. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U-tests.Results:According to the results, Polimo showed the highest antibacterial effects, compared to the other three varnishes (P ≤ 0.05). Growth inhibition zones were not observed in V-varnish and Preventa. The mean diameter of inhibition zone around the MI varnish was significantly higher, compared to those of the V varnish and Preventa (P ≤ 0.05).Conclusion:As the findings indicated, the fluoride varnish containing xylitol and CPP-ACP could be more effective iAQ1n the prevention of dental caries.

Comparison of Antimicrobial Activity of Fluoride Varnishes Against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus: An In Vitro Study

“…In 2018, Jafari et al studied the antibacterial effects of four common varnishes, including Polimo and V-varnish (both containing xylitol), MI varnish (containing CPP-ACP), and Preventa against S.M. (33). Contrary to our results, Polimo varnish had the highest antibacterial effect, and MI varnish had the most effect.…”

In Vitro Comparison of the Fluoride Ion Release from the First- and Second-Generation Fluoride Varnishes

“…The saliva-dissolved salts release fluoride ions, thus causing accumulation in higher concentrations (above 100 ppm) both on the enamel surface and in the enamel itself, as well as in the plaque. The presence of fluoride attracts calcium and phosphate ions from saliva or dissolved hydroxyapatites, forming small grains of calcium fluoride with integrated phosphates [3,10,11,[24][25][26]28,[31][32][33]. Since pure CaF 2 crystal is more cubic than spherical, the resulting spherical deposits are described as calcium fluoride-like compounds, which, on the one hand, block the diffusion of acids, while on the other hand form a fluoride reservoir that is stable and insoluble in a pH-neutral environment.…”

“…In addition to 5% NaF, the second-generation varnishes used in this experiment contain CPP-ACP (MI Varnish) and calcium phosphate coated with xylitol (CXP) (Embrace Varnish). Many researchers [25,27,[44][45][46]55,57,62,63] claim that caseine phosphopeptide complex with amorphous calcium phosphate is the best technology, enabling both the stable combination of high concentrations of calcium, phosphate and fluoride ions with the tooth surface and plaque, as well as high bioavailability and the possibility of free movement into the enamel, resulting in active remineralization of subsurface lesions. According to Shen et al [22], Cochrane et al [44] and Sleibi et al [64], it also causes faster and easier release of fluoride ions in the first 24 h after application.…”

“…In turn, according to Yapp et al [65], it is better to place calcium and phosphate ions, but in the form of CXP, into permeable resin, as is the case with Embrace Varnish, preventing uncontrolled separation of fluoride salts from the resin matrix and allowing uniform and long-term dosing. Xylitol, additionally, provides a longer antibacterial effect [25,66].…”

“…The second-generation varnishes are additionally enriched with calcium and phosphorus compounds in various forms, e.g., as so-called functionalized tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex (CPP-ACP), calcium sodium phosphosilicate (Novamin) or xylitol-coated calcium phosphate (CXP) [22,23]. According to many researchers [22,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30] these increase the bioavailability of fluoride and the rate of its release as well as improve oral retention and enhance the antibacterial effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of in vitro fluoride ion release from first-and second-generation fluoride varnishes and the impact of the type of varnish, the time from its application and the pH of the environment on this process.…”