In vitro characterisation of koala Chlamydia pneumoniae: Morphology, inclusion development and doubling time

Mitchell, Candice; Mathews, Sarah A.; Theodoropoulos, Christina; Timms, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.008

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…All human-derived C. pneumoniae isolates studied to date lack the plasmid; however, the koala isolate carries a full-length chlamydial plasmid containing all eight CDSs found in other chlamydial cryptic plasmids. Mitchell et al (22) reported a much higher growth rate in vitro for the koala LPCoLN isolate than for the human isolate AR39-it is possible that one or more of the genes present on the cryptic plasmid may account for this higher growth rate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Koala C. pneumoniae was able to induce foam cell formation both with and without added low-density lipoprotein, in contrast to TW183, which produced increased foam cell formation only in the presence of lowdensity lipoprotein. More recently, Mitchell et al (22) compared the in vitro growth characteristics of LPCoLN with the human isolate AR39. LPCoLN displayed inclusions of size and morphology clearly distinct from those of the human isolate and had a much shorter doubling time (3.4 to 4.9 h versus 5.9 to 8.7 h) when grown in HEp-2 cell monolayers.…”

Section: Vol 191 2009 Human C Pneumoniae Was Zoonotically Acquiredmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence that HumanChlamydia pneumoniaeWas Zoonotically Acquired

et al. 2009

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Zoonotic infections are a growing threat to global health. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a major human pathogen that is widespread in human populations, causing acute respiratory disease, and has been associated with chronic disease. C. pneumoniae was first identified solely in human populations; however, its host range now includes other mammals, marsupials, amphibians, and reptiles. Australian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are widely infected with two species of Chlamydia, C. pecorum and C. pneumoniae. Transmission of C. pneumoniae between animals and humans has not been reported; however, two other chlamydial species, C. psittaci and C. abortus, are known zoonotic pathogens. We have sequenced the 1,241,024-bp chromosome and a 7.5-kb cryptic chlamydial plasmid of the koala strain of C. pneumoniae (LPCoLN) using the whole-genome shotgun method. Comparative genomic analysis, including pseudogene and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) distribution, and phylogenetic analysis of conserved genes and SNPs against the human isolates of C. pneumoniae show that the LPCoLN isolate is basal to human isolates. Thus, we propose based on compelling genomic and phylogenetic evidence that humans were originally infected zoonotically by an animal isolate(s) of C. pneumoniae which adapted to humans primarily through the processes of gene decay and plasmid loss, to the point where the animal reservoir is no longer required for transmission.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Vol 191 2009 Human C Pneumoniae Was Zoonotically Acquiredmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence that HumanChlamydia pneumoniaeWas Zoonotically Acquired

et al. 2009

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“…Plasma samples were diluted 1:10, 1:50, 1:250 and 1: 1250. Chlamydia muridarum (1000 ifu) or a koala isolate of C. pneumoniae 24 was added to 0.1 mL of diluted plasma or cloacal eluate and incubated for 1 hr at 37°C. Medium was removed from the McCoy cell monolayers and replaced by the plasma or cloacal eluate samples and the plates incubated for 4 hr.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: A Multi‐Subunit Chlamydial Vaccine Induces Antibody and Cell‐Mediated Immunity in Immunized Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus): Comparison of Three Different Adjuvants

Carey

Timms

Rawlinson³

et al. 2010

American J Rep Immunol

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“…In 2008, Mitchell et al analyzed the in vitro growth of the animal strain of C. pneumoniae and compared it to that of the AR39 human strain (112). They observed significant growth differences, with the animal strain growing more aggressively, with a shorter doubling time (3.4 to 4.9 h versus 5.9 to 8.7 h), producing larger inclusions and a higher yield of infectious progeny than the human strain, which generally produced small inclusions with a lower infectious yield (112).…”

Section: Have the Human Strains Of C Pneumoniae Actually Evolved Towmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution to a Chronic Disease Niche Correlates with Increased Sensitivity to Tryptophan Availability for the Obligate Intracellular Bacterium Chlamydia pneumoniae

Huston

Barker

Chacko

2014

Journal of Bacteriology

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bThe chlamydiae are obligate intracellular parasites that have evolved specific interactions with their various hosts and host cell types to ensure their successful survival and consequential pathogenesis. The species Chlamydia pneumoniae is ubiquitous, with serological studies showing that most humans are infected at some stage in their lifetime. While most human infections are asymptomatic, C. pneumoniae can cause more-severe respiratory disease and pneumonia and has been linked to chronic diseases such as asthma, atherosclerosis, and even Alzheimer's disease. The widely dispersed animal-adapted C. pneumoniae strains cause an equally wide range of diseases in their hosts. It is emerging that the ability of C. pneumoniae to survive inside its target cells, including evasion of the host's immune attack mechanisms, is linked to the acquisition of key metabolites. Tryptophan and arginine are key checkpoint compounds in this host-parasite battle. Interestingly, the animal strains of C. pneumoniae have a slightly larger genome, enabling them to cope better with metabolite restrictions. It therefore appears that as the evolutionarily more ancient animal strains have evolved to infect humans, they have selectively become more "susceptible" to the levels of key metabolites, such as tryptophan. While this might initially appear to be a weakness, it allows these human C. pneumoniae strains to exquisitely sense host immune attack and respond by rapidly reverting to a persistent phase. During persistence, they reduce their metabolic levels, halting progression of their developmental cycle, waiting until the hostile external conditions have passed before they reemerge.

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In vitro characterisation of koala Chlamydia pneumoniae: Morphology, inclusion development and doubling time

Cited by 20 publications

References 23 publications

Evidence that HumanChlamydia pneumoniaeWas Zoonotically Acquired

Evidence that HumanChlamydia pneumoniaeWas Zoonotically Acquired

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: A Multi‐Subunit Chlamydial Vaccine Induces Antibody and Cell‐Mediated Immunity in Immunized Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus): Comparison of Three Different Adjuvants

Evolution to a Chronic Disease Niche Correlates with Increased Sensitivity to Tryptophan Availability for the Obligate Intracellular Bacterium Chlamydia pneumoniae

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