In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Bioactive Compounds of Freeze-Dried Orange Juice Co-Product Formulated with Gum Arabic and Modified Starch

Abstract

The large amount of waste generated by the orange juice industry has sparked the interest of many researchers in incorporating recycling systems and following a much more sustainable circular economy model. This work proposes the valorization of the co-product generated in the orange juice extraction industry after freeze-drying for its subsequent reuse as a natural ingredient in the food industry. In addition, the possible protective effect of gum Arabic and corn starch esterified with octenyl succinic groups, in proportions optimised in previous studies 0.25 and 0.45 g/g orange co-product dry solutes, on the main bioactive compounds of orange peel during the freeze-drying process has been studied. The samples were characterised for their content of vitamin C (ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids), flavonoids (hesperidin and narirutin), total phenols and total carotenoids, as well as their antioxidant capacity (DPPH and FRAP assays). In addition, samples were digested, mimicking the human enzymatic oral gastro-intestinal digestion process, and the bioaccessibility of the bioactive compounds was evaluated. It was observed that the addition of both biopolymers improved the stability of the hydrophilic compounds during freeze-drying. This conservative effect was more remarkable for higher biopolymer concentrations. However, no protective effect on carotenoid compounds was observed. This trend was reflected in the antioxidant activity of the different samples. In addition, the incorporation of biopolymers improved the bioaccessibility of the bioactive compounds studied. In conclusion, the results supported the feasibility of the freeze-dried orange juice co-product as a natural, sustainable source of health-promoting compounds.

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Extracts as Potential Radioprotective Agents: Relation to Their Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity

“…When evaluating the VC content, it is important to consider that the molecule is very labile, thermosensitive, and easily oxidisable, and thus it is easily degraded [40]. In this sense, the freeze-dried sample's increased porosity makes VC more exposed to oxygen, which could adversely affect its stability [34]. Amounts of VC in KD and SD found in this study were comparable to those described by Leontowicz et al (2016) [41] and Nemzer et al (2018) [42], respectively.…”

“…The high porosity characteristic of freeze-dried products can also contribute in this sense. Other studies have also shown that the freeze-drying process increases the amount of phenolic compounds [33,34]. Freeze drying caused a reduction in the particle size of the sample, which favoured the contact surface with the solvent and could cause an increase in yield extraction.…”

Nanofiltration-Assisted Concentration Processes of Phenolic Fractions and Carotenoids from Natural Food Matrices

“…Palm oil emerges as a prolific repository of α-and β-carotene (400-3500 mg/kg), constituting more than 80% of the collective carotenoid content in palm oil [134]. Following Darnoko and Cheryan [113], palm oil harbors substantial carotenoids and tocopherols that can be extricated through their conversion to methyl esters, in conjunction with the utilization of membrane technology to sequester carotenoids from methyl esters.…”

Investigation of the histopathological level of Ki-67, caspase-3 expressions of the effects of hesperidin on wound healing in the rat esophagus

“…It has been stated that the protective effect of hesperidin, which is included in citrus peel extracts, on the gastrointestinal tract is more remarkable for higher biopolymer concentrations 8 . Similarly, chachiensis and grapefruit citrus peel flavonoid extracts have been shown to have positive effects on gut microecology, as evidenced by a significant increase in the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium spp.…”